Al-Hakeim Hussein Kadhem, Al-Jassas Hawraa Kadhem, Morris Gerwyn, Maes Michael
Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Kufa, Kufa, Iraq.
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Kufa, Kufa, Iraq.
Recent Adv Inflamm Allergy Drug Discov. 2022;16(1):32-43. doi: 10.2174/2772270816666220318103929.
The characterization of new biomarkers that could help externally validate the diagnosis of COVID-19 and optimize treatments is extremely important. Many studies have established changes in immune-inflammatory and antibody levels, but few studies measured the soluble receptor for the advanced glycation end product (sRAGE), angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), calcium, and magnesium in COVID-19.
To evaluate serum advanced glycation end-product receptor (sRAGE) and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)2 and peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) and chest CT scan abnormalities (CCTA) in COVID-19.
sRAGE, ACE2, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, C-reactive protein (CRP), calcium, magnesium, and albumin were measured in 60 COVID-19 patients and 30 healthy controls.
COVID-19 is characterized by significantly increased IL-6, CRP, IL-10, sRAGE, ACE2, and lowered SpO2, albumin, magnesium, and calcium. COVID-19 with CCTAs showed lower SpO and albumin. SpO2 was significantly inversely correlated with IL-6, IL-10, CRP, sRAGE, and ACE2, and positively with albumin, magnesium, and calcium. Neural networks showed that a combination of calcium, IL-6, CRP, and sRAGE yielded an accuracy of 100% in detecting COVID-19 patients, with calcium being the most important predictor followed by IL-6 and CRP. Patients with positive IgG results showed a significant elevation in the serum level of IL-6, sRAGE, and ACE2 compared to the negatively IgG patient subgroup.
The results show that immune-inflammatory and RAGE pathways biomarkers may be used as an external validating criterion for the diagnosis of COVID-19. Those pathways coupled with lowered SpO2, calcium, and magnesium are drug targets that may help reduce the consequences of COVID-19.
鉴定有助于对2019冠状病毒病（COVID-19）诊断进行外部验证并优化治疗的新型生物标志物极为重要。许多研究已证实免疫炎症和抗体水平的变化，但很少有研究检测COVID-19患者的晚期糖基化终末产物可溶性受体（sRAGE）、血管紧张素转换酶2（ACE2）、钙和镁。
评估COVID-19患者血清晚期糖基化终末产物受体（sRAGE）、血管紧张素转换酶（ACE）2、外周血氧饱和度（SpO2）及胸部CT扫描异常（CCTA）情况。
对60例COVID-19患者和30名健康对照者检测sRAGE、ACE2、白细胞介素（IL）-6、IL-10、C反应蛋白（CRP）、钙、镁和白蛋白。
COVID-19的特征为IL-6、CRP、IL-10、sRAGE、ACE2显著升高，SpO2、白蛋白、镁和钙降低。有CCTA的COVID-19患者SpO和白蛋白较低。SpO2与IL-6、IL-10、CRP、sRAGE和ACE2显著负相关，与白蛋白、镁和钙正相关。神经网络显示，钙、IL-6、CRP和sRAGE联合检测COVID-19患者的准确率为100%，其中钙是最重要的预测指标，其次是IL-6和CRP。IgG结果为阳性的患者血清IL-6、sRAGE和ACE2水平显著高于IgG结果为阴性的患者亚组。
结果表明，免疫炎症和RAGE途径生物标志物可作为COVID-19诊断的外部验证标准。这些途径与SpO2、钙和镁降低相关，是可能有助于减轻COVID-19后果的药物靶点。
