Department of Periodontology, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain.
Department of Microbiology, Dentaid Research Center, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2022 Apr;24(2):151-165. doi: 10.1111/cid.13062. Epub 2022 Mar 21.
Studies around natural dentition demonstrated that smoking can reduce the tendency of inflamed tissue to bleed upon probing after controlling for possible confounders. In addition, previous research suggested that smokers may present alterations of the peri-implant microbiome.
This study aimed at investigating the impact of smoking on: (1) peri-implant bleeding on probing (BOP; primary objective); (2) the association between BOP/bone loss and BOP/visible gingival inflammation; (3) peri-implant microbiome.
Partially edentulous patients with implants restored with a single crowns were included in this study. Subjects were either smokers (≥1 cigarettes per day) or nonsmokers (never smokers). The primary outcome of this cross-sectional study was BOP and secondary outcomes included: Probing pocket depth (PPD), Modified gingival Index (mGI) and Progressive Marginal Bone Loss. In addition, microbial profiles of the subjects were assessed through sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Univariate and multilevel multivariate analyses by means of Generalized Estimating Equations were conducted to analyze the association between smoking and peri-implant BOP.
Overall, 27 nonsmokers and 27 smokers were included and 96.3% and 77.78% of patients presented peri-implant BOP in the nonsmoker and smoker group, respectively (p = 0.046). Smoking was inversely associated with BOP in the multivariate multilevel analysis (OR = 0.356; 95% CI: 0.193-0.660; p = 0.001) whereas a positive correlation was demonstrated for mGI > 0 (OR = 3.289; 95% CI: 2.014-5.371; p < 0.001); PPD (OR = 1.692; 95% CI: 0.263-0.883; p = 0.039) and gender (OR = 2.323; 95% CI: 1.310-4.120 p = 0.004). A decrease of BOP sensitivity in detecting visible gingival inflammation (mGI > 0) was observed in smokers. Besides, taxonomic and changes in diversity regarding the peri-implant microbiota were detected comparing the two groups. Significantly higher richness of the microbiota was demonstrated in the smoker group when implants affected by peri-implantitis were compared to either healthy implants or implants presenting mucositis.
Smoking is a potential modifier of BOP and peri-implant microbiota.
研究表明，在控制可能的混杂因素后，吸烟会降低受炎症组织在探测时出血的倾向。此外，先前的研究表明，吸烟者可能会改变种植体周围的微生物组。
本研究旨在探讨吸烟对以下方面的影响：（1）探测时的种植体周围出血（BOP；主要目的）；（2）BOP/骨损失与 BOP/可见牙龈炎症之间的关联；（3）种植体周围的微生物组。
本横断面研究纳入了接受单冠修复的部分缺牙患者。受试者为吸烟者（每天≥1 支香烟）或非吸烟者（从不吸烟）。本研究的主要结局是 BOP，次要结局包括：探诊袋深度（PPD）、改良龈炎指数（mGI）和渐进性边缘骨损失。此外，通过 16S rRNA 基因测序评估受试者的微生物谱。采用广义估计方程进行单变量和多水平多变量分析，以分析吸烟与种植体周围 BOP 之间的关系。
总体而言，纳入了 27 名非吸烟者和 27 名吸烟者，非吸烟者组和吸烟者组分别有 96.3%和 77.78%的患者出现种植体周围 BOP（p=0.046）。在多水平多变量分析中，吸烟与 BOP 呈负相关（OR=0.356；95%CI：0.193-0.660；p=0.001），而 mGI>0 呈正相关（OR=3.289；95%CI：2.014-5.371；p<0.001）；PPD（OR=1.692；95%CI：0.263-0.883；p=0.039）和性别（OR=2.323；95%CI：1.310-4.120；p=0.004）。在吸烟者中，BOP 检测可见牙龈炎症（mGI>0）的敏感性降低。此外，还观察到两组之间种植体周围微生物群的分类和多样性变化。与健康种植体或患有黏膜炎的种植体相比，患有种植体周围炎的种植体中，吸烟者的微生物群丰富度显著更高。
吸烟是 BOP 和种植体周围微生物群的潜在修饰剂。
