Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia.
Department of Biomedical Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023 Apr 3;20(7):5368. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20075368.
smoking is considered the most modifiable risk factor for periodontal disease.
the aim of this narrative review is to emphasize the effect of smoking on periodontal and implant therapy.
The authors reviewed the literature reporting the clinical outcomes of smoking on periodontal surgical and nonsurgical treatment. The impact of smoking on implant therapy and sinus lifting procedures were also reviewed.
Periodontal and implant therapy outcomes are adversely affected by smoking. Smokers respond less favorably to periodontal therapy and periodontal flap procedures as compared to nonsmokers. Clinical outcomes for smokers are 50-75% worse than for nonsmokers. Studies reveal that smokers experience a significantly lower reduction in pocket depth compared to nonsmokers as well as less bone growth after treating infra-bony defects with guided tissue regeneration. The relative risk of implant failure is significantly higher in patients who smoke 20 cigarettes or more per day compared to nonsmokers. Additionally, smoking has also been shown to increase postoperative wound dehiscence and infection rates following sinus floor elevation. Longitudinal studies on smoke cessation have shown a reduction in bone loss and probing depths for periodontitis patients after cessation compared to those who smoke.
Smoking cessation can reduce probing depths and improve clinical attachment after nonsurgical periodontal therapy. There is insufficient evidence regarding the effect of smoking on peri-implantitis, as well as the loss of implants in the long-term.
吸烟被认为是牙周病最可改变的风险因素。
本叙述性综述的目的是强调吸烟对牙周病和种植体治疗的影响。
作者回顾了报告吸烟对牙周手术和非手术治疗临床结果的文献。还回顾了吸烟对种植体治疗和鼻窦提升手术的影响。
牙周病和种植体治疗的结果受到吸烟的不利影响。与不吸烟者相比，吸烟者对牙周病治疗和牙周翻瓣术的反应较差。吸烟者的临床结果比不吸烟者差 50-75%。研究表明，与不吸烟者相比，吸烟者的牙周袋深度减少明显较少，并且在用引导组织再生治疗骨下缺损后骨生长较少。与不吸烟者相比，每天吸烟 20 支或更多的患者种植体失败的相对风险明显更高。此外，吸烟还被证明会增加鼻窦提升术后伤口裂开和感染的发生率。关于戒烟的纵向研究表明，与继续吸烟的患者相比，戒烟后牙周炎患者的骨丢失和探诊深度减少。
戒烟可以减少非手术牙周治疗后的探诊深度并改善临床附着。关于吸烟对种植体周围炎的影响以及长期内植入物丢失的证据不足。
