Disaster Obstetrics and Gynecology Lab, International Research Institute of Disaster Science (IRIDeS), Tohoku University.
Disaster Medical Science Group, Core Research Cluster of Disaster Science, Tohoku University.
Tohoku J Exp Med. 2022 Mar;256(3):187-195. doi: 10.1620/tjem.256.187.
In situations of a disaster, it has been observed that the damage suffered by women and men is not equal. The vulnerability of women during disasters has been the focus of several studies and disaster management guidelines. Records show that there were more women victims than men victims in both the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake in 1995 and the Great East Japan Earthquake (GEJE) in 2011. Biologically speaking, women are physically less fit than men are; hence, they are more susceptible to physical disabilities induced by disasters and may be disadvantaged in evacuation situations. However, vulnerability of women during disasters is a complex problem that involves physical fitness, as well as other various factors. In the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 (SFDRR) adopted in 2015, prioritized actions such as "Build Back Better" were defined based on the GEJE experiences. In the SFDRR, in addition to vulnerability of women during disasters, medical services including maternal, newborn, and child health and sexual and reproductive health are considered the key factors for disaster risk reduction. This has been discussed in all phases of disaster risk reduction planning and post-disaster response. These findings suggest that the role of obstetrics and gynecology is comprehensive and important as a part of disaster medicine at the local and national levels, as recommended in the SFDRR. In this review, we summarized the management of women's health and gynecological responses during disasters and considered the importance of women as stakeholders in disaster risk reduction.
在灾害情况下，人们观察到女性和男性所遭受的损失并不均等。女性在灾害中的脆弱性一直是多项研究和灾害管理指南的重点关注对象。记录显示，在 1995 年的阪神-淡路大地震和 2011 年的东日本大地震中，女性受害者的人数都多于男性受害者。从生物学角度来看，女性的身体状况不如男性，因此，她们更容易受到灾害引起的身体残疾的影响，并且在疏散情况下可能处于不利地位。然而，女性在灾害中的脆弱性是一个复杂的问题，涉及到身体素质以及其他各种因素。在 2015 年通过的《2015-2030 年仙台减少灾害风险框架》（SFDRR）中，根据东日本大地震的经验，确定了“重建得更好”等优先行动。在 SFDRR 中，除了女性在灾害中的脆弱性之外，还考虑了孕产妇、新生儿和儿童健康以及性健康和生殖健康等医疗服务，将其作为减少灾害风险的关键因素。这在减少灾害风险规划和灾后应对的所有阶段都进行了讨论。这些发现表明，妇产科的作用在地方和国家一级的灾害医学中是全面而重要的，正如 SFDRR 所建议的那样。在这篇综述中，我们总结了灾害期间妇女健康管理和妇科应对措施，并考虑了妇女作为减少灾害风险利益相关者的重要性。
