Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Sognsveien 68, 0855, Oslo, Norway.
Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway.
Sci Rep. 2022 Mar 21;12(1):4787. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-08468-7.
Outdoor recreation is increasing and affects habitat use and selection by wildlife. These effects are challenging to study, especially for elusive species with large spatial requirements, as it is hard to obtain reliable proxies of recreational intensity over extensive areas. Commonly used proxies, such as the density of, or distance to, hiking paths, ignore outdoor recreation occurring on other linear feature types. Here we utilized crowdsourced data from the Strava training app to obtain a large-scale proxy for pedestrian outdoor recreation intensity in southeast Norway. We used the proxy and GPS-tracking data from collared Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) to investigate how recreation affects habitat selection at the home range scale and local scale by lynx during summer. We fitted resource selection functions at the two scales using conditional logistic regression. Our analysis revealed that lynx avoided areas of recreational activity at the local scale, but not at home range scale. Nonetheless, lynx frequently used areas associated with recreation, and to a greater degree at night than during the day. Our results suggest that local-scale avoidance of recreation and temporal adjustments of habitat use by lynx mitigate the need for a home range-scale response towards recreation. Scale-dependent responses and temporal adjustments in habitat use may facilitate coexistence between humans and large carnivores.
户外活动的增多会影响野生动物的栖息地利用和选择。这些影响很难研究，特别是对于那些需要大面积活动空间的难以捉摸的物种来说，因为很难在广泛的区域内获得可靠的娱乐强度代理数据。常用的代理指标，如徒步路径的密度或与徒步路径的距离，忽略了其他线性特征类型上的户外活动。在这里，我们利用 Strava 训练应用程序的众包数据，在挪威东南部获得了一个大规模的行人户外活动强度代理数据。我们使用代理数据和 GPS 追踪数据，调查了在夏季，休闲活动如何影响欧亚猞猁（Lynx lynx）在其家域和局部尺度上的栖息地选择。我们使用条件逻辑回归在这两个尺度上拟合资源选择函数。分析结果表明，猞猁在局部尺度上避开了有休闲活动的区域，但在家域尺度上没有。尽管如此，猞猁还是经常使用与娱乐相关的区域，而且夜间比白天使用的程度更大。我们的结果表明，猞猁对休闲活动的局部回避和对栖息地利用的时间调整减轻了其对家域尺度响应的需要。对休闲活动的尺度依赖响应和时间调整可能有助于人类和大型食肉动物的共存。
