Medeiros Ivo, Fernandez-Novo Aitor, Astiz Susana, Simões João
Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal.
Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, C/Tajo s/n, Villaviciosa De Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain.
Vet Sci. 2022 Mar 9;9(3):125. doi: 10.3390/vetsci9030125.
This work aimed to review the important aspects of the dairy industry evolution at herd level, interrelating production with health management systems. Since the beginning of the industrialization of the dairy cattle sector (1950s), driven by the need to feed the rapidly growing urban areas, this industry has experienced several improvements, evolving in management and technology. These changes have been felt above all in the terms of milking, rearing, nutrition, reproductive management, and design of facilities. Shortage of labor, emphasis on increasing farm efficiency, and quality of life of the farmers were the driving factors for these changes. To achieve it, in many areas of the world, pasture production has been abandoned, moving to indoor production, which allows for greater nutritional and reproductive control of the animals. To keep pace with this paradigm in milk production, animal health management has also been improved. Prevention and biosecurity have become essential to control and prevent pathologies that cause great economic losses. As such, veterinary herd health management programs were created, allowing the management of health of the herd as a whole, through the common work of veterinarians and farmers. These programs address the farms holistically, from breeding to nutrition, from prevention to consultancy. In addition, farmers are now faced with a consumer more concerned on animal production, valuing certified products that respect animal health and welfare, as well as environmental sustainability.
这项工作旨在回顾奶牛养殖业在畜群层面发展的重要方面，将生产与健康管理系统联系起来。自奶牛养殖部门工业化开始（20世纪50年代）以来，受满足快速增长的城市地区粮食需求的推动，该行业经历了几次改进，在管理和技术方面不断发展。这些变化首先体现在挤奶、饲养、营养、繁殖管理和设施设计等方面。劳动力短缺、对提高农场效率的重视以及农民的生活质量是这些变化的驱动因素。为了实现这一点，在世界许多地区，牧场生产已被放弃，转向室内生产，这使得对动物的营养和繁殖控制更加容易。为了跟上牛奶生产的这种模式，动物健康管理也得到了改善。预防和生物安全对于控制和预防造成巨大经济损失的疾病至关重要。因此，创建了兽医畜群健康管理计划，通过兽医和农民的共同努力，对整个畜群的健康进行管理。这些计划从繁殖到营养，从预防到咨询，对农场进行全面管理。此外，农民现在面临着一个更加关注动物生产的消费者，他们重视尊重动物健康和福利以及环境可持续性的认证产品。
