Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies (NKVTS), Oslo, Norway.
Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (IPLESP), Department of social epidemiology, Paris, France.
BMC Health Serv Res. 2022 Mar 24;22(1):390. doi: 10.1186/s12913-022-07691-2.
The international terrorism threat urges societies to invest in the planning and organization of psychosocial care. With the aim to contribute to cross-national learning, this study describes the content, target populations and providers of psychosocial care to civilians after terrorist attacks in Norway, France and Belgium.
We identified and reviewed pre- and post-attack policy documents, guidelines, reports and other relevant grey literature addressing the psychosocial care response to terrorist attacks in Oslo/Utøya, Norway on 22 July 2011; in Paris, France on 13 November 2015; and in Brussels, Belgium on 22 March 2016.
In Norway, there was a primary care based approach with multidisciplinary crisis teams in the local municipalities. In response to the terrorist attacks, there were proactive follow-up programs within primary care and occupational health services with screenings of target groups throughout a year. In France, there was a national network of specialized emergency psychosocial units primarily consisting of psychiatrists, psychologists and psychiatric nurses organized by the regional health agencies. They provided psychological support the first month including guidance for long-term healthcare, but there were no systematic screening programs after the acute phase. In Belgium, there were psychosocial intervention networks in the local municipalities, yet the acute psychosocial care was coordinated at a federal level. A reception centre was organized to provide acute psychosocial care, but there were no reported public long-term psychosocial care initiatives in response to the attacks.
Psychosocial care responses, especially long-term follow-up activities, differed substantially between countries. Models for registration of affected individuals, monitoring of their health and continuous evaluation of countries' psychosocial care provision incorporated in international guidelines may strengthen public health responses to mass-casualty incidents.
国际恐怖主义威胁促使社会投资于心理社会关怀的规划和组织。本研究旨在促进跨国学习，描述了挪威、法国和比利时发生恐怖袭击后向平民提供心理社会关怀的内容、目标人群和提供者。
我们确定并审查了针对 2011 年 7 月 22 日在挪威奥斯陆/乌托亚、2015 年 11 月 13 日在法国巴黎和 2016 年 3 月 22 日在比利时布鲁塞尔发生的恐怖袭击的事前和事后政策文件、准则、报告和其他相关灰色文献，以确定针对恐怖袭击的心理社会关怀反应。
在挪威，当地市政府采用了以初级保健为基础的多学科危机小组方法。针对恐怖袭击，在初级保健和职业保健服务中开展了主动的后续方案，对目标群体进行了全年的筛查。在法国，有一个由区域卫生机构组织的、由精神科医生、心理学家和精神科护士组成的专门紧急心理社会单位的国家网络。他们在第一个月提供心理支持，包括长期医疗保健指导，但在急性期后没有系统的筛查方案。在比利时，地方市政府有心理社会干预网络，但急性心理社会护理由联邦一级协调。组织了一个接待中心提供急性心理社会护理，但没有报告针对这些袭击的公共长期心理社会护理倡议。
心理社会关怀反应，尤其是长期后续活动，在各国之间存在显著差异。国际准则中纳入的登记受影响个人、监测其健康和不断评估国家心理社会关怀提供情况的模式，可能会加强对大规模伤亡事件的公共卫生应对。
