Department of Neonatology, Clinic for Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Clinical Center of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
Department of Gynecology and Obstretics, Clinic for Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Clinical Center of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
Medicina (Kaunas). 2022 Mar 10;58(3):413. doi: 10.3390/medicina58030413.
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a pregnancy complication in which women without previously diagnosed diabetes develop chronic hyperglycemia during gestation. The diet and lifestyle of the mother during pregnancy as well as lactation have long-term effects on the child's health and development. Detection of early risk markers of adult-age chronic diseases that begin during prenatal life and the application of complex nutritional interventions at the right time may reduce the risk of these diseases. Newborns adapt to the ectopic environment by developing intestinal immune homeostasis. Adequate initial colonization of bacteria is necessary for sufficient development of intestinal immunity. The environmental determinant of adequate colonization is breast milk. Although a developing newborn is capable of producing an immune response, the effector immune component requires bacterial stimulation. Breast milk stimulates the proliferation of a well-balanced and diverse microbiota, which initially influences the switch from an intrauterine TH2 predominant to a TH1/TH2 balanced response and the activation of T-regulatory cells by breast milk-stimulated specific organisms (Bifidobacteria, Lactobacillus, and Bacteroides). Breastfeeding in newborns of mothers with diabetes mellitus regulates the adequate immune response of the newborn and prevents diseases of the neonatal and postnatal period.
妊娠期糖尿病（GDM）是一种妊娠并发症，指妊娠前未被诊断为糖尿病的女性在妊娠期间出现慢性高血糖。母亲在怀孕期间及哺乳期的饮食和生活方式对孩子的健康和发育有长期影响。检测出生前生活开始的成年期慢性疾病的早期风险标志物，并在适当的时候应用复杂的营养干预措施，可能会降低这些疾病的风险。新生儿通过发展肠道免疫稳态来适应异位环境。充分的初始细菌定植对于充分发育肠道免疫是必要的。足够定植的环境决定因素是母乳。尽管正在发育的新生儿能够产生免疫反应，但效应免疫成分需要细菌刺激。母乳刺激平衡且多样化的微生物群的增殖，这最初会影响从宫内 TH2 优势向 TH1/TH2 平衡反应的转变，并通过母乳刺激的特定生物体（双歧杆菌、乳杆菌和拟杆菌）激活 T 调节细胞。母乳喂养可调节糖尿病母亲新生儿的适当免疫反应，并预防新生儿和产后期的疾病。
