Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden.
Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
Environ Res. 2022 Sep;212(Pt A):113170. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113170. Epub 2022 Mar 24.
Food is an important source of perfluoroalkyl acid (PFAA) exposure for the general adult population, but few data exist for adolescents. Healthy food habits established during adolescence may positively influence health later in life. Associations between serum PFAA concentrations and a healthy eating index (SHEIA15), as well as a diet diversity score (RADDS), were determined in a nationally representative adolescent population from Sweden (Riksmaten Adolescents 2016-2017, RMA). Using consumption data from food registrations and frequency questionnaires, we additionally analyzed associations with commonly consumed food groups. Associations were analyzed by fitting a cumulative probability model using ordinal regression. Among the seven PFAAs detected in ≥70% of the 1098 participants (age 10-21 years), median concentrations ranged from <1 ng/g serum of perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), perflurorundecanoic acid (PFUnDA), linear (lin-) perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS) and branched (br-) perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) to 1-2 ng/g serum of lin-perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and lin-PFOS. PFNA, PFDA, PFUnDA and lin-PFOS concentrations were positively associated with both SHEIA15 and RADDS, a finding most likely driven by higher consumption of seafood. PFDA, PFUnDA and lin-PFOS concentrations were positively related to commonly consumed fish/shellfish groups, such as lean marine fish and shellfish. Inverse associations between PFAA concentrations and dairy consumption suggest an underlying factor behind dairy consumption that similarly affects adolescent exposure to the different PFAAs. Isomeric differences in dietary exposure between lin-PFOS and br-PFOS were suggested, as br-PFOS concentrations, in contrast to lin-PFOS, were not associated with SHEIA15, RADDS and consumption of different food groups. We conclude that Swedish adolescents, adhering to a diverse and healthy diet, appears to be more highly exposed to legacy PFAAs than those eating less healthy. Additional research is necessary for a better understanding of the health implications of healthy eating from a PFAA exposure perspective.
食物是一般成年人接触全氟烷基酸 (PFAA) 的一个重要来源，但青少年的数据很少。青少年时期养成的健康饮食习惯可能会对以后的健康产生积极影响。在瑞典进行的一项具有全国代表性的青少年人群研究（Riksmaten Adolescents 2016-2017，RMA）中，我们确定了血清 PFAA 浓度与健康饮食指数 (SHEIA15) 以及饮食多样性评分 (RADDS) 之间的关联。利用食物登记和频率调查问卷中的消费数据，我们还分析了与常见食物组的关联。通过使用有序回归拟合累积概率模型来分析关联。在 1098 名参与者（10-21 岁）中，有 7 种 PFAA 的浓度在≥70%的参与者中检测到，血清中位数范围从低于 1 ng/g 的全氟壬酸 (PFNA)、全氟癸酸 (PFDA)、全氟十一烷酸 (PFUnDA)、线性 (lin-) 全氟己烷磺酸 (PFHxS) 和支链 (br-) 全氟辛烷磺酸 (PFOS) 到 1-2 ng/g 的血清中 lin-全氟辛酸 (PFOA) 和 lin-PFOS。PFNA、PFDA、PFUnDA 和 lin-PFOS 浓度与 SHEIA15 和 RADDS 呈正相关，这一发现很可能是由于海鲜消费较高所致。PFDA、PFUnDA 和 lin-PFOS 浓度与常见的鱼/贝类组呈正相关，如瘦肉海鱼和贝类。PFAA 浓度与乳制品消费之间的反比关系表明，乳制品消费背后存在一个类似的因素，同样会影响青少年接触不同的 PFAA。膳食暴露 lin-PFOS 和 br-PFOS 之间的同系物差异表明，与 lin-PFOS 相反，br-PFOS 浓度与 SHEIA15、RADDS 和不同食物组的消费无关。我们得出结论，瑞典青少年，坚持多样化和健康的饮食，似乎比那些饮食不太健康的青少年接触到更多的传统 PFAA。需要进一步研究，以便从 PFAA 暴露的角度更好地了解健康饮食对健康的影响。
