Sandesha Vaddaragudisalu D, Darshan Bhaskar, Tejas Chandrashekar, Girish Kesturu S, Kempaiah Kemparaju
Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru, Karnataka, India.
Department of Studies and Research in Biochemistry, Tumkur University, Tumakuru, Karnataka, India.
PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2022 Mar 28;16(3):e0010292. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010292. eCollection 2022 Mar.
Envenoming by the hump-nosed pit viper (Hypnale hypnale) raises concern as it inflicts significant debilitation and death in the Western Ghats of India and in the adjacent island nation of Sri Lanka. In India, its medical significance was realized only during 2007 due to its misidentification as Echis carinatus and sometimes as Daboia russelii. Of late, several case reports have underlined the ineptness of the existing polyvalent anti-venom therapy against H. hypnale envenoming. Currently, H. hypnale bite has remained dreadful in India due to the lack of neutralizing anti-venom therapy. Hence, this study was undertaken to establish a systematic comparative, biochemical, pathological, and immunological properties of Sri Lankan H. hypnale venom alongside Indian E. carinatus, and D. russelii venoms. All three venoms differed markedly in the extent of biochemical activities including proteolytic, deoxyribonuclease, L-amino acid oxidase, 5'-nucleotidase, hyaluronidase, and indirect hemolytic activities. The venoms also differed markedly in their pathological properties such as edema, hemorrhage, myotoxic, cardiotoxic, and coagulant activities. The venoms showed stark differences in their protein banding pattern. Strikingly, the affinity-purified rabbit monovalent anti-venoms prepared against H. hypnale, E. carinatus, and D. russelii venoms readily reacted and neutralized the biochemical and pathological properties of their respective venoms, but they insignificantly cross-reacted with, and thus failed to show paraspecific neutralization of any of the effects of the other two venoms, demonstrating the large degree of variations between these venoms. Further, the Indian therapeutic polyvalent anti-venoms from VINS Bioproducts, and Bharath Serums and Vaccines failed to protect H. hypnale venom-induced lethal effects in mice.
印度锯鳞蝰（Hypnale hypnale）造成的蛇伤令人担忧，因为它在印度西高止山脉以及邻近的岛国斯里兰卡会导致严重的身体衰弱甚至死亡。在印度，由于它曾被误认作锯鳞蝰（Echis carinatus），有时甚至被误认作罗素蝰（Daboia russelii），其医学重要性直到2007年才被认识到。近来，一些病例报告强调了现有的多价抗蛇毒血清疗法对印度锯鳞蝰蛇伤治疗的无效性。目前，由于缺乏有效的中和抗蛇毒血清疗法，印度锯鳞蝰咬伤仍然十分可怕。因此，本研究旨在系统比较斯里兰卡印度锯鳞蝰毒液与印度锯鳞蝰、罗素蝰毒液的生物化学、病理学和免疫学特性。这三种毒液在包括蛋白水解、脱氧核糖核酸酶、L-氨基酸氧化酶、5'-核苷酸酶、透明质酸酶和间接溶血活性等生物化学活性程度上有显著差异。这些毒液在诸如水肿、出血、肌毒性、心脏毒性和凝血活性等病理学特性方面也有显著差异。这些毒液的蛋白质条带模式也有明显差异。令人惊讶的是，针对印度锯鳞蝰、锯鳞蝰和罗素蝰毒液制备的亲和纯化兔单价抗蛇毒血清能够 readily reacted 并中和各自毒液的生物化学和病理学特性，但它们与其他两种毒液的交叉反应不显著，因此未能对其他两种毒液的任何效应表现出异特异性中和，这表明这些毒液之间存在很大程度的差异。此外，来自VINS生物制品公司和巴拉特血清与疫苗公司的印度治疗性多价抗蛇毒血清未能保护小鼠免受印度锯鳞蝰毒液诱导的致死效应。 （注：“readily reacted”这里可能表述有误，不太明确准确意思，暂保留原文）
