Institute for Women's Health, Virginia Commonwealth University, 730 E. Broad Street, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.
Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 806 W. Franklin St, P.O. Box 842018, Richmond, VA, 23284, USA.
BMC Public Health. 2022 Mar 26;22(1):594. doi: 10.1186/s12889-022-13012-3.
Public health concern over college students mixing caffeine-containing energy drinks (EDs) and alcohol has contributed to an array of ED-focused research studies. One review found consistent associations between ED use and heavy/problem drinking as well as other drug use and risky behaviors (Nutr Rev 72:87-97, 2014). The extent to which similar patterns exist for other sources of caffeine is not known. The present study examined associations between coffee and ED consumption and alcohol, tobacco and other drug use; alcohol use problems; and parental substance abuse and mental health problems in a sample of college freshmen.
Subjects were N = 1986 freshmen at an urban university who completed an on-line survey about demographics; caffeine; alcohol, tobacco and other drug use; and family history. The sample was 61% female and 53% White. Chi-square analyses and multivariable binary or ordinal logistic regression were used to compare substance use, problem alcohol behavior, and familial risk measures across 3 caffeine use groups: ED (with or without Coffee) (ED + Co; N = 350); Coffee but no ED (Co; N = 761); and neither coffee nor ED (NoCE; N = 875) use.
After adjusting for gender and race, the 3 caffeine use groups differed on 8 of 9 symptoms for alcohol dependence. In all cases, the ED + Co group was most likely to endorse the symptom, followed by the Co group and finally the NoCE group (all p < .002). A similar pattern was found for: use 6+ times of 5 other classes of drugs (all p < .05); extent of personal and peer smoking (all p < .001); and paternal problems with alcohol, drugs and anxiety/depression as well as maternal alcohol problems and depression/anxiety (p < .04).
The response pattern was ubiquitous, with ED + Co most likely, Co intermediate, and NoCE least likely to endorse a broad range of substance use, problem alcohol behaviors, and familial risk factors. The finding that the Co group differed from both the ED + Co and NoCE groups on 8 measures and from the NoCE group on one additional measure underscores the importance of looking at coffee in addition to EDs when considering associations between caffeine and other risky behaviors.
公众对大学生同时摄入含咖啡因的能量饮料（EDs）和酒精的健康问题表示担忧，这促使人们对 EDs 进行了一系列相关研究。其中一项综述发现，ED 使用与重度/问题饮酒以及其他药物使用和危险行为之间存在一致关联（Nutr Rev 72:87-97, 2014）。目前尚不清楚其他咖啡因来源是否存在类似模式。本研究在一个城市大学的新生样本中，研究了咖啡和 ED 消费与酒精、烟草和其他药物使用、酒精使用问题以及父母物质滥用和心理健康问题之间的关联。
受试者为 1986 名城市大学的大一新生，他们在线完成了一份关于人口统计学、咖啡因、酒精、烟草和其他药物使用以及家族史的调查问卷。该样本中 61%为女性，53%为白人。采用卡方分析和多变量二项或有序逻辑回归，比较了 3 个咖啡因使用组（ED（含或不含咖啡）（ED+Co；N=350）、只喝咖啡但不喝 ED（Co；N=761）和既不喝咖啡也不喝 ED（NoCE；N=875））在 9 个酒精依赖症状上的物质使用、问题饮酒行为和家族风险指标。
在调整性别和种族因素后，3 个咖啡因使用组在 9 个酒精依赖症状中的 8 个症状上存在差异。在所有情况下，ED+Co 组最有可能出现该症状，其次是 Co 组，最后是 NoCE 组（均 p<0.002）。对于：使用其他 5 类药物 6 次或以上（均 p<0.05）、个人和同伴吸烟程度（均 p<0.001）、以及父亲的酒精、药物和焦虑/抑郁问题以及母亲的酒精问题和抑郁/焦虑问题（p<0.04），也有类似的模式。
反应模式无处不在，ED+Co 最有可能，Co 居中，NoCE 最不可能出现广泛的物质使用、问题饮酒行为和家族风险因素。Co 组在 8 项指标上与 ED+Co 组和 NoCE 组不同，在另一项指标上与 NoCE 组不同，这表明在考虑咖啡因与其他危险行为之间的关联时，除了 EDs 之外，还需要考虑咖啡的作用。
