Faculty of Economics, Administrative and Social Sciences, Bahcesehir Cyprus University, North Cyprus, via Mersin 10, Nicosia, Turkey.
Department of Economics, Faculty of Business and Economics, Eastern Mediterranean University, North Cyprus, via Mersin 10, Famagusta, Turkey.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2022 Aug;29(38):57905-57917. doi: 10.1007/s11356-022-19953-x. Epub 2022 Mar 31.
This research aimed at examining the nexus among urbanization, energy use, foreign direct investment (FDI), economic growth, and environmental sustainability in Turkey. Time-series data from 1970 to 2017 were used in the analysis, and ecological footprint was used as an indicator for environmental sustainability. The aim was to investigate the long-run nexus among the indicators and contribute to the literature in several ways. One of these contributions is to empirically investigate this relationship with the residual augmented least squares (RALS) augmented Dickey-Fuller ADF for stationarity test and RALS-EG (residual augmented least squares-Engle and Granger) for the long-run steady-state relationship of investigated variables. Together with, fully modified OLS (ordinary least squares) model has been employed to observe the long-run effect and the significance of the investigated variables on environmental sustainability. The results revealed that the long-run relationship exists and the long-run coefficients show statistically significant effects on environmental sustainability. In the long run, urbanization and energy usage degrade the environment and reduce environmental quality, although FDI inflow and gross domestic product (GDP) growth contribute 0.22% and 8.03% to environmental sustainability in Turkey, respectively. The environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis is not valid in this model and U-shaped relationship was found between increasing economic performance and the ecological footprint. The causality results reflect that urbanization has feedback causality with energy use. The study suggests that to achieve sustainable urbanization, policymakers in Turkey should execute well-planned urbanization programs, create an energy conservation policy, and encourage green industries to ensure a sustainable increase in environmental quality for Turkey.
本研究旨在检验城市化、能源利用、外国直接投资（FDI）、经济增长和环境可持续性在土耳其之间的关系。在分析中使用了 1970 年至 2017 年的时间序列数据，并使用生态足迹作为环境可持续性的指标。目的是在多个方面调查这些指标之间的长期关系，并为文献做出贡献。这些贡献之一是使用残差增广最小二乘法（RALS）增广迪基-富勒 ADF 进行平稳性检验和 RALS-EG（残差增广最小二乘法-恩格尔和格兰杰）来实证研究这种关系，以检验被调查变量的长期稳定关系。同时，还采用完全修正的 OLS（普通最小二乘法）模型来观察长期效应以及被调查变量对环境可持续性的重要性。结果表明，长期关系存在，长期系数对环境可持续性具有统计学上显著的影响。从长期来看，城市化和能源使用会破坏环境并降低环境质量，尽管外国直接投资流入和国内生产总值（GDP）增长分别对土耳其的环境可持续性贡献了 0.22%和 8.03%。该模型中无效环境库兹涅茨曲线（EKC）假说，并且在经济表现与生态足迹之间发现了 U 型关系。因果关系结果反映了城市化与能源利用之间存在反馈因果关系。该研究表明，为了实现可持续的城市化，土耳其的政策制定者应执行规划良好的城市化计划，制定节能政策，并鼓励绿色产业，以确保土耳其的环境质量可持续提高。
