Enhancement of Arabidopsis growth by non-24 hour day-night cycles.

Plant yield can be increased by matching the internal circadian rhythms with the external light and dark cycle (circadian resonance). The circadian resonance reported in the past was analyzed under light-dark cycles with 20-, 24-, or 28-hr periods; however, the mechanism for circadian resonance is still debatable due to the experimental time schedules in previous studies being few in number and widely separated. By analyzing the yield of grown under eight different external light and dark periods, we found that the yield increased when the external cycle was 22 and 26 hr instead of 24 hr. Time course RNA-seq analysis determined that seedling circadian clock genes had a free-running period of 22 ± 1 hr. Furthermore, a group of genes with 25- to 26-hr period rhythms were also observed in the seedlings with a 22- ± 1-hr period as their circadian clock. We propose that resonance that occurred by matching the expression time of a group of genes with the 25- to 26-hr cycle and providing an external day-night cycle of 25 to 26 hr was one factor that caused the yield increase.