Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, China.
Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.
Acta Biomater. 2022 May;144:1-14. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.03.036. Epub 2022 Mar 28.
As nanoscale extracellular vesicles, exosomes are secreted by various cell types, and they are widely distributed in multiple biological fluids. Studies have shown that tumor-derived exosomes can carry a variety of primary tumor-specific molecules, which may represent a novel tool for the early detection of cancer. However, the clinical translation of exosomes remains a challenge due to the requirement of large quantities of samples when enriching the cancer-related exosomes in biological fluids, the insufficiency of traditional techniques for exosome subpopulations, and the complex exosome isolation of the current commercially available exosome phenotype profiling approaches. The evolving surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technology, with properties of unique optoelectronics, easy functionalization, and the particular interaction between light and nanoscale metallic materials, can achieve sensitive detection of exosomes without large quantities of samples and multiplexed phenotype profiling, providing a new mode of real-time and noninvasive analysis for cancer patients. In the present review, we mainly discussed exosome detection based on SERS, especially SERS immunoassay. The basic structure and function of exosomes were firstly introduced. Then, recent studies using the SERS technique for cancer detection were critically reviewed, which mainly included various SERS substrates, biological modification of SERS substrates, SERS-based exosome detection, and the combination of SERS and other technologies for cancer diagnosis. This review systematically discussed the essential aspects, limitations, and considerations of applying SERS technology in the detection and analysis of cancer-derived exosomes, which could provide a valuable reference for the early diagnosis of cancer through SERS technology. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has been applied to exosomes detection to obtain better diagnostic results. In past three years, several reviews have been published in exosome detection, which were narrowly focus on methods of exosome detection. Selection and surface functionalization of the substrate and the combination detection with different methods based on SERS will provide new strategies for the detection of exosomes. This review will focus on the above aspects. This emerging detection method is constantly evolving and contributing to the early discovery of diseases in the future.
作为纳米级细胞外囊泡，外泌体由各种细胞类型分泌，广泛分布于多种生物体液中。研究表明，肿瘤来源的外泌体可以携带多种原发性肿瘤特异性分子，这可能代表了癌症早期检测的一种新工具。然而，由于在生物体液中富集与癌症相关的外泌体时需要大量的样本，传统的外泌体亚群技术不足，以及当前商业上可用的外泌体表型分析方法对外泌体的复杂分离，外泌体的临床转化仍然是一个挑战。新兴的表面增强拉曼散射（SERS）技术具有独特的光电特性、易于功能化以及光与纳米级金属材料之间的特殊相互作用，可实现对外泌体的灵敏检测，而无需大量样本和多重表型分析，为癌症患者提供了一种实时、非侵入性分析的新模式。在本综述中，我们主要讨论了基于 SERS 的外泌体检测，特别是 SERS 免疫测定。首先介绍了外泌体的基本结构和功能。然后，批判性地回顾了使用 SERS 技术进行癌症检测的最新研究，主要包括各种 SERS 基底、SERS 基底的生物修饰、基于 SERS 的外泌体检测以及 SERS 与其他技术的结合用于癌症诊断。本综述系统地讨论了在癌症衍生外泌体的检测和分析中应用 SERS 技术的基本方面、局限性和注意事项，这可为通过 SERS 技术进行癌症的早期诊断提供有价值的参考。
表面增强拉曼散射（SERS）已应用于外泌体检测以获得更好的诊断结果。在过去的三年中，已经发表了几篇关于外泌体检测的综述，这些综述主要集中在检测外泌体的方法上。基底的选择和表面功能化以及基于 SERS 的不同方法的组合检测将为外泌体的检测提供新的策略。这篇综述将重点关注上述方面。这种新兴的检测方法正在不断发展，并将为未来疾病的早期发现做出贡献。
