Chronic Renal Failure-Causes, Clinical Findings, Treatments and Prognosis.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is rare in horses with an overall prevalence reported to be 0.12%. There is often a continuum from Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) to CKD, and patients with CKD may be predisposed to episodes of AKI. The most common clinical signs are non-specific with weight loss, polyuria/polydipsia and ventral edema. Less common clinical signs are poor appetite and performance, dull hair coat, oral ulcerations, gastro-intestinal ulceration, gingivitis, dental tartar and diarrhea. Rarely, horses may develop forebrain signs. Creatinine increases when at least 2/3 of kidney function have been lost and a more accurate assessment of kidney function is an estimated glomerular filtration rate measuring iohexol clearance time combined with protein content in the urine. Tubulointerstitial disease and glomerulonephritis are common causes of chronic kidney disease together with pyelonephritis and nephrolithiasis. Dietary changes and avoiding nephrotoxic drugs are key in slowing down the degenerative process.