School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.
Exp Brain Res. 2022 May;240(5):1499-1514. doi: 10.1007/s00221-022-06352-4. Epub 2022 Apr 2.
Visuomotor adaptation arises when reaching in an altered visual environment, where one's seen hand position does not match their felt (i.e., proprioceptive) hand position in space. Here, we asked if proprioceptive training benefits visuomotor adaptation, and if these benefits arise due to implicit (unconscious) or explicit (conscious strategy) processes. Seventy-two participants were divided equally into 3 groups: proprioceptive training with feedback (PTWF), proprioceptive training no feedback (PTNF), and Control (CTRL). The PTWF and PTNF groups completed passive proprioceptive training, where a participant's hand was moved to an unknown reference location and they judged the felt position of their unseen hand relative to their body midline on every trial. The PTWF group received verbal feedback with respect to their response accuracy on the middle 60% of trials, whereas the PTNF did not receive any feedback during training. The CTRL group did not complete proprioceptive training and instead sat quietly during this time. Following proprioceptive training or time delay, all three groups reached when seeing a cursor that was rotated 30° clockwise relative to their hand motion. The experiment ended with participants completing a series of no-cursor reaches to assess implicit and explicit adaptation. Results indicated that the PTWF group improved the accuracy of their sense of felt hand position following proprioceptive training. However, this improved proprioceptive acuity (i.e., the accuracy of their sense of felt hand) did not benefit visuomotor adaptation, as all three groups showed similar visuomotor adaptation across rotated reach training trials. Visuomotor adaptation arose implicitly, with minimal explicit contribution for all three groups. Together, these results suggest that passive proprioceptive training does not benefit, nor hinder, the extent of implicit visuomotor adaptation established immediately following reach training with a 30° cursor rotation.
当在视觉环境改变的情况下进行伸手动作时，会出现视动适应，此时看到的手的位置与手在空间中的感觉（即本体感觉）位置不匹配。在这里，我们想知道本体感觉训练是否有利于视动适应，以及这些好处是由于内隐（无意识）还是外显（有意识的策略）过程产生的。72 名参与者被平均分为 3 组：有反馈的本体感觉训练（PTWF）、无反馈的本体感觉训练（PTNF）和对照组（CTRL）。PTWF 和 PTNF 组完成被动本体感觉训练，在这种训练中，参与者的手被移动到一个未知的参考位置，他们在每次试验中判断看不见的手相对于身体中线的感觉位置。PTWF 组在中间 60%的试验中获得了关于他们反应准确性的口头反馈，而 PTNF 在训练期间没有收到任何反馈。CTRL 组没有进行本体感觉训练，而是在这段时间里安静地坐着。在本体感觉训练或时间延迟之后，所有三组人在看到相对于手运动顺时针旋转 30°的光标时进行伸手动作。实验结束时，参与者完成了一系列没有光标到达的试验，以评估内隐和外显适应。结果表明，PTWF 组在进行本体感觉训练后，感觉手的位置的准确性提高了。然而，这种本体感觉锐度（即感觉手的准确性）的提高并没有有利于视动适应，因为所有三组人在旋转到达训练试验中都表现出相似的视动适应。视动适应是内隐产生的，所有三组人的外显贡献都很小。总之，这些结果表明，被动本体感觉训练既不能促进，也不能阻碍在进行 30°光标旋转的到达训练后立即建立的内隐视动适应的程度。
