School of Economics and Management, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, China.
Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographic Science and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2022 Aug;29(38):58240-58262. doi: 10.1007/s11356-022-19832-5. Epub 2022 Apr 2.
Water security is a compound concept coupling multi-dimensional perspectives, such as resource utilization, environmental protection, and disaster prevention. With this concern, this study focuses on the spatial-temporal dynamics of water security with considering water disaster risk index (WDRI), water environment risk index (WERI), and water supply-demand. WERI centers on risk source's hazard, control effectiveness, and risk receptor's vulnerability. Indices related to hazard, exposure, and vulnerability are used for evaluating WDRI. A multi-objective fuzzy membership function is presented for determining the indices' weight, and the distribution pattern of water security is illustrated based on cluster analysis. A real-world case study of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration (BTHUA) is given for verifying availability of the evaluation framework. Results indicate the general water security in BTHUA with a critical safe state yet a downward trend. Opposite change characteristics of water security exist between its southern and northern cities. WDRI and WERI show the trends of increasing (with a growth rate of 0.48%) and decline (with an average decrement rate of 0.56%), respectively. Beijing has high-value WDRI and WERI, and the order of WDRI and WERI is presented as follows: Beijing (0.67) > Tianjin (0.54) > Hebei (0.33) and Beijing (0.69) > Tianjin (0.58) > Hebei (0.16), respectively. Cluster analysis reveals a poor match relation between water security and regional socio-economic development. Areas with high-level economic development (e.g., Beijing and Tianjin) have poor environmental performances, with WDRI and WERI of 0.54 ~ 0.68 and 0.57 ~ 0.70, respectively. Additionally, water resources overload index of BTHUA is 8.513, which is higher than Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomeration (1.431), Triangle of Central China (0.228), and Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration (0.742). Findings can provide a theoretical reference for promoting sustainable utilization of water resources in BTHUA and the other areas with prominent water problems.
水安全是一个结合了资源利用、环境保护和灾害预防等多维度视角的复合概念。考虑到水灾害风险指数（WDRI）、水环境风险指数（WERI）和供水量与需水量，本研究关注水安全的时空动态。WERI 侧重于风险源的危害、控制效果以及风险受体的脆弱性。用于评估 WDRI 的指数涉及危害、暴露和脆弱性。多目标模糊隶属函数用于确定指数权重，并基于聚类分析说明水安全的分布模式。给出了京津冀城市群（BTHUA）的实际案例研究，以验证评价框架的可用性。结果表明，BTHUA 的整体水安全处于临界安全状态且呈下降趋势。其南北城市的水安全呈现相反的变化特征。WDRI 和 WERI 分别呈现出增加（增长率为 0.48%）和下降（平均递减率为 0.56%）的趋势。北京的 WDRI 和 WERI 值较高，其 WDRI 和 WERI 的顺序如下：北京（0.67）>天津（0.54）>河北（0.33）和北京（0.69）>天津（0.58）>河北（0.16）。聚类分析揭示了水安全与区域社会经济发展之间的不匹配关系。经济发展水平较高的地区（如北京和天津）环境表现较差，WDRI 和 WERI 分别为 0.540.68 和 0.570.70。此外，京津冀城市群的水资源超载指数为 8.513，高于成德绵城市群（1.431）、中三角城市群（0.228）和长三角城市群（0.742）。研究结果可为促进京津冀城市群及其他水资源问题突出地区水资源的可持续利用提供理论参考。
