Parise Rachel S, Ramesh Sindhu, Govindarajulu Manoj, Ajoolabady Amir, Moore Timothy, Dhanasekaran Muralikrishnan
Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University Harrison School of Pharmacy, Walker Building, Auburn, Alabama, 36849.
Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, School of Pharmacy, University of Wyoming College of Health Science, Laramie, Wyoming, 82071.
Cardiol Plus. 2021 Oct 1;6(4):231-245. doi: 10.4103/2470-7511.334401. Epub 2021 Dec 30.
Viral infections persist globally, among all ages, gender, and ethnicity. Of particular importance is COVID-19, associated with asymptomatic to severe symptoms, including complications/mortality. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) involves heart and blood vessel disorders including coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral artery disease, thrombosis, and more. CVD associated with severe COVID-19 includes heart failure, coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathy, hypertension, and cerebrovascular disease/stroke. Data were acquired from PubMed, Google Scholar, Centers for Disease Prevention and Control, and Lexi-Comp using the search terms "COVID-19 and cardiovascular pathology;" "COVID-19 induced CVD;" "Viral infection induced CVD;" and "Viral infection induced heart damage." COVID-19-induced CVD mechanisms include direct viral entry, inflammation, cytokine storm, hypoxia, interferon-mediated immune response, plaque destabilization, stress, and drug-induced causes. Other viral pathologies causing CVD include atherosclerosis, inflammation, cytokine storm, and plaque destabilization. Individual parameters, such as old age, males, and higher body mass index (BMI), are more likely to experience viral-associated complications, possibly explained by patient risk factors or comorbidities. Populations at higher risk include older males with an elevated BMI. Viral mechanisms associated with CVD are similar but differ in disease severity, potentially explained by diverse cytokine profiles where COVID-19 activates different types at higher quantities.
病毒感染在全球范围内持续存在，涉及所有年龄、性别和种族。特别重要的是新冠病毒病（COVID-19），它可导致从无症状到严重症状，包括并发症/死亡。心血管疾病（CVD）包括心脏和血管疾病，如冠心病、脑血管疾病、外周动脉疾病、血栓形成等。与重症COVID-19相关的心血管疾病包括心力衰竭、冠状动脉疾病、心肌病、高血压以及脑血管疾病/中风。数据通过使用搜索词“COVID-19与心血管病理学”“COVID-19诱发的心血管疾病”“病毒感染诱发的心血管疾病”以及“病毒感染诱发的心脏损伤”，从PubMed、谷歌学术、疾病预防控制中心和Lexi-Comp获取。COVID-19诱发心血管疾病的机制包括病毒直接侵入、炎症、细胞因子风暴、缺氧、干扰素介导的免疫反应、斑块不稳定、应激以及药物诱发因素。导致心血管疾病的其他病毒病理学因素包括动脉粥样硬化、炎症、细胞因子风暴和斑块不稳定。个体参数，如老年、男性以及较高的体重指数（BMI），更有可能出现与病毒相关的并发症，这可能由患者的风险因素或合并症来解释。高危人群包括BMI升高的老年男性。与心血管疾病相关的病毒机制相似，但疾病严重程度不同，这可能是由不同的细胞因子谱所解释，其中COVID-19会大量激活不同类型的细胞因子。
