Esperer Onco Nutrition Pvt. Ltd., Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
Division of Thoracic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2022 Nov;43(11):2759-2776. doi: 10.1038/s41401-022-00902-w. Epub 2022 Apr 4.
Three major approaches of cancer therapy can be enunciated as delivery of biotherapeutics, tumor image analysis, and immunotherapy. Liposomes, artificial fat bubbles, are long known for their capacity to encapsulate a diverse range of bioactive molecules and release the payload in a sustained, stimuli-responsive manner. They have already been widely explored as a delivery vehicle for therapeutic drugs as well as imaging agents. They are also extensively being used in cancer immunotherapy. On the other hand, exosomes are naturally occurring nanosized extracellular vesicles that serve an important role in cell-cell communication. Importantly, the exosomes also have proven their capability to carry an array of active pharmaceuticals and diagnostic molecules to the tumor cells. Exosomes, being enriched with tumor antigens, have numerous immunomodulatory effects. Much to our intrigue, in recent times, efforts have been directed toward developing smart, bioengineered, exosome-liposome hybrid nanovesicles, which are augmented by the benefits of both vesicular systems. This review attempts to summarize the contemporary developments in the use of exosome and liposome toward cancer diagnosis, therapy, as a vehicle for drug delivery, diagnostic carrier for tumor imaging, and cancer immunotherapy. We shall also briefly reflect upon the recent advancements of the exosome-liposome hybrids in cancer therapy. Finally, we put forward future directions for the use of exosome/liposome and/or hybrid nanocarriers for accurate diagnosis and personalized therapies for cancers.
癌症治疗的三种主要方法可以概括为生物治疗剂的传递、肿瘤图像分析和免疫疗法。脂质体是一种人工脂肪泡，长期以来因其能够包裹多种生物活性分子，并以持续、响应性的方式释放有效载荷而闻名。它们已经被广泛探索作为治疗药物和成像剂的递送载体。它们也广泛应用于癌症免疫疗法。另一方面，外泌体是天然存在的纳米级细胞外囊泡，在细胞间通讯中起着重要作用。重要的是，外泌体还证明了它们能够携带一系列活性药物和诊断分子到肿瘤细胞。外泌体富含肿瘤抗原，具有多种免疫调节作用。最近，人们饶有兴趣地致力于开发智能、生物工程的外泌体-脂质体杂交纳米囊泡，这得益于两种囊泡系统的优势。本综述试图总结外泌体和脂质体在癌症诊断、治疗中的最新进展，作为药物递送的载体、肿瘤成像的诊断载体以及癌症免疫治疗。我们还将简要回顾外泌体-脂质体杂交体在癌症治疗方面的最新进展。最后，我们提出了使用外泌体/脂质体和/或杂交纳米载体进行癌症的精确诊断和个性化治疗的未来方向。
