Shandong Digihuman Technology Co., Inc., JiNan, China.
Hand and Foot Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, JiNan, China.
Clin Anat. 2022 Jul;35(5):598-608. doi: 10.1002/ca.23875. Epub 2022 Apr 22.
We propose an effective method for manufacturing human anatomical specimens in response to the shortage of cadaver specimens and the poor simulation results of anatomical specimen substitutes. Digital human data with high precision were used to create digital models and corresponding mapped textures. Different materials were chosen to print the digital models with full-color and multimaterial 3D-printing technology based on the histological characteristics of the anatomical structures. Anatomy experts and surgeons were then invited to compare the 3D printed models with authentic anatomical specimens in terms of morphological appearance, anatomical detail, and textural properties. The skull, brain, hand muscles, blood vessels and nerves of the hand, and the deep structure of the head and face were printed. The skull model used hard material, and the brain and hand muscles models used flexible and hard materials combined. The blood vessels, nerves of the hand, and the superficial and deep structure of the head and face used transparent materials, revealing the small vessels and nerves in the interior. In all the models, there were no significant differences from anatomical specimens in morphological appearance and anatomical detail. They also affected vision and touch in the same way as authentic specimens in the textural properties of color, roughness, smoothness, and fineness. Full-color and multi-material 3D printed anatomical models have the same visual and tactile properties as anatomical specimens and could serve to complement or supplement them in anatomy teaching to compensate for the shortage of cadavers.
针对尸体标本的短缺和解剖标本替代品模拟效果不佳的问题，我们提出了一种制造人体解剖标本的有效方法。使用高精度的数字人体数据创建数字模型和相应的映射纹理。根据解剖结构的组织学特征，选择不同的材料，利用全彩色和多材料 3D 打印技术来打印数字模型。然后，邀请解剖学专家和外科医生对手头的 3D 打印模型与真实的解剖标本进行形态外观、解剖细节和质地属性方面的比较。打印了颅骨、大脑、手部肌肉、手部血管和神经以及头部和面部的深层结构。颅骨模型使用了硬材料，大脑和手部肌肉模型使用了柔软和硬材料的组合。血管、手部神经以及头部和面部的浅层和深层结构使用了透明材料，可以显示内部的小血管和神经。在所有模型中，其形态外观和解剖细节与解剖标本没有明显差异。在颜色、粗糙度、平滑度和精细度等质地属性方面，它们对手感和视觉的影响与真实标本相同。全彩色和多材料 3D 打印的解剖模型具有与解剖标本相同的视觉和触觉特性，可在解剖教学中作为补充或替代，以弥补尸体标本的不足。
