Padayachee Yorissa, Flicker Sabine, Linton Sophia, Cafferkey John, Kon Onn Min, Johnston Sebastian L, Ellis Anne K, Desrosiers Martin, Turner Paul, Valenta Rudolf, Scadding Glenis Kathleen
Department of Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
Front Allergy. 2021 Jul 1;2:668781. doi: 10.3389/falgy.2021.668781. eCollection 2021.
The nose provides a route of access to the body for inhalants and fluids. Unsurprisingly it has a strong immune defense system, with involvement of innate (e.g., epithelial barrier, muco- ciliary clearance, nasal secretions with interferons, lysozyme, nitric oxide) and acquired (e.g., secreted immunoglobulins, lymphocytes) arms. The lattice network of dendritic cells surrounding the nostrils allows rapid uptake and sampling of molecules able to negotiate the epithelial barrier. Despite this many respiratory infections, including SARS-CoV2, are initiated through nasal mucosal contact, and the nasal mucosa is a significant "reservoir" for microbes including . This review includes consideration of the augmentation of immune defense by the nasal application of interferons, then the reduction of unnecessary inflammation and infection by alteration of the nasal microbiome. The nasal mucosa and associated lymphoid tissue (nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue, NALT) provides an important site for vaccine delivery, with cold-adapted live influenza strains (LAIV), which replicate intranasally, resulting in an immune response without significant clinical symptoms, being the most successful thus far. Finally, the clever intranasal application of antibodies bispecific for allergens and Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 (ICAM-1) as a topical treatment for allergic and RV-induced rhinitis is explained.
鼻子为吸入剂和液体进入人体提供了一条途径。不出所料，它拥有强大的免疫防御系统，涉及先天性（如上皮屏障、黏液纤毛清除、含有干扰素、溶菌酶、一氧化氮的鼻分泌物）和后天性（如分泌型免疫球蛋白、淋巴细胞）分支。鼻孔周围的树突状细胞晶格网络能够快速摄取和采样能够穿透上皮屏障的分子。尽管如此，包括SARS-CoV2在内的许多呼吸道感染都是通过鼻黏膜接触引发的，鼻黏膜是包括……在内的微生物的重要“储存库”。本综述包括考虑通过鼻腔应用干扰素增强免疫防御，然后通过改变鼻腔微生物群减少不必要的炎症和感染。鼻黏膜和相关淋巴组织（鼻咽炎相关淋巴组织，NALT）为疫苗接种提供了一个重要部位，冷适应活流感病毒株（LAIV）在鼻内复制，可引发免疫反应且无明显临床症状，是迄今为止最成功的。最后，解释了将对过敏原和细胞间黏附分子1（ICAM-1）具有双特异性的抗体巧妙地经鼻应用作为过敏性和RV诱导性鼻炎的局部治疗方法。
