Sandhu H S
Clin Chest Med. 1986 Dec;7(4):629-42.
Chronic illnesses such as COPD require both comprehensive evaluations and multisystem treatment approaches with integration of biological, behavioral, psychological, and social systems. People function as biopsychosocial units, with complex interplay between themselves and their environments determining the degree of their illness. Illness, as distinct from disease, is a person's subjective response to the state of disease or organ pathology. Recognition and identification of the psychosocial components of a person's illness allows for far more effective therapeutic intervention. Treatment objectives include better acceptance of life changes and the development of new attitudes and goals through an increase in self-confidence and control over emotional, physical, and respiratory functioning. These rehabilitation goals can be fulfilled by the use of supportive therapies (individual, family, or marital and group) and educational behavioral techniques based upon a solid working alliance with the patient.
慢性疾病，如慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD），需要全面评估和多系统治疗方法，整合生物、行为、心理和社会系统。人作为生物心理社会单元，自身与环境之间复杂的相互作用决定了疾病的程度。疾病不同于病症，是个人对疾病状态或器官病理的主观反应。认识和识别个人疾病的心理社会成分可实现更有效的治疗干预。治疗目标包括更好地接受生活变化，通过增强自信以及对情绪、身体和呼吸功能的控制，培养新的态度和目标。通过与患者建立稳固的工作联盟，采用支持性疗法（个体、家庭、婚姻或团体）和教育行为技巧，可实现这些康复目标。
