Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; San Francisco Graduate, Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley-University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
Acta Biomater. 2023 Jun;163:146-157. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.03.058. Epub 2022 Apr 8.
Biomaterials are widely used to study and control a variety of cell behaviors, including stem cell differentiation, organogenesis, and tumor invasion. While considerable attention has historically been paid to biomaterial elastic (storage) properties, it has recently become clear that viscous (loss) properties can also powerfully influence cell behavior. Here we review advances in viscoelastic materials for cell engineering. We begin by discussing collagen, an abundant naturally occurring biomaterial that derives its viscoelastic properties from its fibrillar architecture, which enables dissipation of applied stresses. We then turn to two other naturally occurring biomaterials that are more frequently modified for engineering applications, alginate and hyaluronic acid, whose viscoelastic properties may be tuned by modulating network composition and crosslinking. We also discuss the potential of exploiting engineered fibrous materials, particularly electrospun fiber-based materials, to control viscoelastic properties. Finally, we review mechanisms through which cells process viscous and viscoelastic cues as they move along and within these materials. The ability of viscoelastic materials to relax cell-imposed stresses can dramatically alter migration on two-dimensional surfaces and confinement-imposed barriers to engraftment and infiltration in three-dimensional scaffolds. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Most tissues and many biomaterials exhibit some viscous character, a property that is increasingly understood to influence cell behavior in profound ways. This review discusses the origin and significance of viscoelastic properties of common biomaterials, as well as how these cues are processed by cells to influence migration. A deeper understanding of the mechanisms of viscoelastic behavior in biomaterials and how cells interpret these inputs should aid the design and selection of biomaterials for specific applications.
生物材料被广泛用于研究和控制各种细胞行为，包括干细胞分化、器官发生和肿瘤侵袭。虽然历史上人们一直关注生物材料的弹性（储存）特性，但最近人们清楚地认识到粘性（损耗）特性也可以强有力地影响细胞行为。在这里，我们回顾了用于细胞工程的粘弹性材料的进展。我们首先讨论胶原蛋白，这是一种丰富的天然生物材料，其粘弹性特性源于其纤维状结构，这种结构能够耗散施加的应力。然后，我们转向另外两种在工程应用中更常被修饰的天然生物材料，藻酸盐和透明质酸，其粘弹性特性可以通过调节网络组成和交联来进行调整。我们还讨论了利用工程纤维材料，特别是静电纺丝纤维基材料来控制粘弹性特性的潜力。最后，我们回顾了细胞在沿着和在这些材料中移动时处理粘性和粘弹性线索的机制。粘弹性材料能够松弛细胞施加的应力，这可以极大地改变二维表面上的迁移以及三维支架中对植入和渗透的限制。
大多数组织和许多生物材料都表现出一定的粘性特征，人们越来越认识到这种特性会深刻地影响细胞行为。这篇综述讨论了常见生物材料的粘弹性特性的起源和意义，以及细胞如何处理这些线索来影响迁移。更深入地了解生物材料中粘弹性行为的机制以及细胞如何解释这些输入，应该有助于为特定应用设计和选择生物材料。
