Ray Suman Kumar, Mukherjee Sukhes
Independent Researcher, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462020. India.
Department of Biochemistry All India Institute of Medical Sciences. Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462020. India.
Recent Pat Anticancer Drug Discov. 2022;18(2):133-146. doi: 10.2174/1574892817666220414110335.
Recent developments in several areas are rekindling interest and empowering progress in improving therapeutic cancer vaccines. These advances have been made in target selection, vaccine technology, and approaches for reversing the immunosuppressive mechanisms exploited by cancers. Studies on diverse tumor antigens have revealed target properties, including high cell specificity and adequate immunogenicity, to affect clinical efficiency. Therefore, one of the principal goals of cancer vaccinology is the development of efficient therapeutic cancer vaccines that are capable of eliciting an effector as well as memory T cell response specific to tumor antigens. Neoantigens, which arise from mutated proteins in cancer cells, are cancer-specific and may be highly immunogenic. However, the vast majority of these are distinctive to each patient's cancer and hence require the development of personalised therapies. Novel immunotherapeutic strategies are focused on breaking immune tolerance to tumor antigens, improving the immunogenicity of tumor vaccines, in addition to overcoming mechanisms of tumor escape. However, current developments and patents in cancer immune therapies, together with associated technologies, are significant. Supreme achievements in immune inhibitor-centered therapies and neo-antigen identification tools envisage probable improvements in cancer vaccines with respect to treatments of malignancies. Antibody modulation of T cell function through checkpoint blockade or co-stimulatory activation may restore survival, proliferation, and effector function. Thus, these tumor-infiltrating T cells with genetically engineered therapeutic vaccines have the potential to act as curative cancer immune therapeutics. In this review, target tumor antigens employed in recent years in the development of therapeutic cancer vaccine approaches are described, and the patents involved in the process are highlighted.
多个领域的最新进展正在重新激发人们对改进治疗性癌症疫苗的兴趣并推动其取得进展。这些进展体现在靶点选择、疫苗技术以及逆转癌症所利用的免疫抑制机制的方法等方面。对多种肿瘤抗原的研究揭示了靶点特性，包括高细胞特异性和足够的免疫原性，这些特性会影响临床疗效。因此，癌症疫苗学的主要目标之一是开发高效的治疗性癌症疫苗，这种疫苗能够引发针对肿瘤抗原的效应性T细胞反应以及记忆性T细胞反应。新抗原由癌细胞中的突变蛋白产生，具有癌症特异性，且可能具有高度免疫原性。然而，其中绝大多数是每个患者的癌症所特有的，因此需要开发个性化疗法。新型免疫治疗策略专注于打破对肿瘤抗原的免疫耐受、提高肿瘤疫苗的免疫原性，同时克服肿瘤逃逸机制。然而，癌症免疫治疗以及相关技术目前的发展和专利情况意义重大。以免疫抑制剂为中心的疗法和新抗原识别工具方面的巨大成就预示着癌症疫苗在恶性肿瘤治疗方面可能会有所改进。通过检查点阻断或共刺激激活对T细胞功能进行抗体调节可能会恢复T细胞的存活、增殖和效应功能。因此，这些经过基因工程改造的治疗性疫苗与肿瘤浸润性T细胞有潜力成为治愈性癌症免疫疗法。在本综述中，描述了近年来在治疗性癌症疫苗方法开发中使用的靶肿瘤抗原，并突出了该过程中涉及的专利。
