School of Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, BS8 2PS, Bristol, UK.
MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU) at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
Harm Reduct J. 2022 Apr 20;19(1):39. doi: 10.1186/s12954-022-00618-4.
Glassware can be an effective vehicle to recruit customers, revive brands, build profits and increase alcohol consumption by capitalising on the immediacy of glassware to the point of consumption. The design of glassware can also contribute to harm reduction by slowing and reducing consumption. Nucleated bases have been added to lager glasses in recent years which allow carbon dioxide (CO) to be more rapidly released and ascend through the solution. The aim of these studies was to investigate the effect of nucleated glasses on the likeability and drinking rate of lager in alcohol drinkers.
In Study 1, participants (n = 116) were asked to taste two glasses of lager (280 millilitres (ml) each) in separate 5-min taste tests and fill out a likeability questionnaire after each glass in a within-subjects design with one factor of glass (nucleated, non-nucleated). The primary outcome was the likeability of lager and the secondary outcome was volume consumption during taste tests. In Study 2, participants (n = 160) were asked to consume a pint of lager (568 ml) and fill out a likeability questionnaire in a between-subjects design with one factor of glass (nucleated, non-nucleated). The primary outcome was time taken to consume a pint of lager and secondary outcomes were the likeability of lager, mood and alcohol craving.
There was no clear evidence that likeability of lager differed between nucleated and non-nucleated glasses in either study. In Study 1, a paired-samples t test found strong evidence that lager in nucleated glasses was more visually appealing (single item from likeability measure) than lager in non-nucleated glasses (mean difference (MD) = 10.2, 95% confidence interval (CI) 6.1, 14.2, p < 0.001). In Study 2, a linear regression found no clear evidence that lager was consumed at different rates from nucleated and non-nucleated glasses (nucleated: 16.9 min, non-nucleated: 16.3 min, MD: 0.6 min, 95% CI - 1.5, 2.7, p = 0.57).
Nucleated lager glasses do not appear to alter the likeability or consumption (volume consumed in Study 1 or drinking rate in Study 2) of lager, although they do seem to increase the visual appeal and refreshment of lager. This may increase the number of drinking episodes by making the drinking experience more enjoyable which may lead to increased alcohol related harm.
玻璃器皿可以成为吸引顾客、重振品牌、增加利润和提高酒精消费的有效载体，利用玻璃器皿在消费点的即时性。玻璃器皿的设计也可以通过减缓和减少消费来促进减少伤害。近年来，拉格啤酒杯中加入了有核底座，使二氧化碳（CO）能够更快地释放并通过溶液上升。这些研究的目的是调查有核玻璃对饮酒者对拉格啤酒的喜爱程度和饮酒速度的影响。
在研究 1 中，参与者（n=116）在单独的 5 分钟品尝测试中品尝了两杯拉格啤酒（每杯 280 毫升），并在一个有一个因素（有核、无核）的被试内设计中，在每杯酒之后填写一份喜爱程度问卷。主要结果是拉格啤酒的喜爱程度，次要结果是品尝测试期间的体积消耗。在研究 2 中，参与者（n=160）被要求饮用一品脱拉格啤酒（568 毫升），并在一个有一个因素（有核、无核）的被试间设计中填写一份喜爱程度问卷。主要结果是饮用一品脱拉格啤酒所需的时间，次要结果是拉格啤酒的喜爱程度、情绪和酒精渴望。
没有明确的证据表明在这两项研究中，有核玻璃和无核玻璃的拉格啤酒喜爱程度有明显差异。在研究 1 中，配对样本 t 检验发现，有核玻璃中的拉格啤酒在视觉上比无核玻璃中的拉格啤酒更具吸引力（喜爱程度测量中的一个单项）（均值差（MD）=10.2，95%置信区间（CI）6.1，14.2，p<0.001）。在研究 2 中，线性回归发现没有明确的证据表明有核玻璃和无核玻璃的拉格啤酒消耗速度不同（有核玻璃：16.9 分钟，无核玻璃：16.3 分钟，MD：0.6 分钟，95%CI-1.5，2.7，p=0.57）。
有核拉格啤酒杯似乎不会改变拉格啤酒的喜爱程度或消耗量（研究 1 中的体积消耗或研究 2 中的饮酒速度），尽管它们确实似乎增加了拉格啤酒的视觉吸引力和新鲜感。这可能会增加饮酒次数，使饮酒体验更加愉快，从而导致酒精相关伤害增加。
