Calderón Carolina, Castaño-Vinyals Gemma, Maslanyj Myron, Wiart Joe, Lee Ae-Kyoung, Taki Masao, Wake Kanako, Abert Alex, Badia Francesc, Hadjem Abdelhamid, Kromhout Hans, de Llobet Patricia, Varsier Nadège, Conil Emmanuelle, Choi Hyung-Do, Sim Malcolm R, Cardis Elisabeth
UK Health Security Agency, Chemical, Radiation and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0RQ, United Kingdom.
Barcelona Institute of Global Health (ISGlobal), 88 Doctor Aiguader, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain; University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain.
Environ Int. 2022 May;163:107189. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107189. Epub 2022 Apr 18.
Wireless phones (both mobile and cordless) emit not only radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields (EMF) but also extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic fields, both of which should be considered in epidemiological studies of the possible adverse health effects of use of such devices. This paper describes a unique algorithm, developed for the multinational case-control MOBI-Kids study, that estimates the cumulative specific energy (CSE) and the cumulative induced current density (CICD) in the brain from RF and ELF fields, respectively, for each subject in the study (aged 10-24 years old). Factors such as age, tumour location, self-reported phone models and usage patterns (laterality, call frequency/duration and hands-free use) were considered, as was the prevalence of different communication systems over time. Median CSE and CICD were substantially higher in GSM than 3G systems and varied considerably with location in the brain. Agreement between RF CSE and mobile phone use variables was moderate to null, depending on the communication system. Agreement between mobile phone use variables and ELF CICD was higher overall but also strongly dependent on communication system. Despite ELF dose distribution across the brain being more diffuse than that of RF, high correlation was observed between RF and ELF dose. The algorithm was used to systematically estimate the localised RF and ELF doses in the brain from wireless phones, which were found to be strongly dependent on location and communication system. Analysis of cartographies showed high correlation across phone models and across ages, however diagonal agreement between these cartographies suggest these factors do affect dose distribution to some level. Overall, duration and number of calls may not be adequate proxies of dose, particularly as communication systems available for voice calls tend to become more complex with time.
无线电话（包括移动电话和无绳电话）不仅会发射射频（RF）电磁场（EMF），还会发射极低频（ELF）磁场，在研究此类设备使用可能产生的不良健康影响的流行病学研究中，这两者都应予以考虑。本文描述了一种为跨国病例对照MOBI-Kids研究开发的独特算法，该算法分别针对研究中的每个受试者（年龄在10至24岁之间），根据射频和极低频磁场估算大脑中的累积比能（CSE）和累积感应电流密度（CICD）。研究考虑了年龄、肿瘤位置、自我报告的手机型号和使用模式（偏好、通话频率/时长和免提使用）等因素，以及不同通信系统随时间的普及情况。GSM系统中的CSE和CICD中位数显著高于3G系统，并且在大脑中的位置差异很大。射频CSE与手机使用变量之间的一致性从中度到无，这取决于通信系统。手机使用变量与极低频CICD之间的总体一致性较高，但也强烈依赖于通信系统。尽管极低频剂量在大脑中的分布比射频更分散，但射频和极低频剂量之间仍观察到高度相关性。该算法用于系统地估算无线电话在大脑中的局部射频和极低频剂量，发现这些剂量强烈依赖于位置和通信系统。对分布图的分析表明，不同手机型号和不同年龄之间具有高度相关性，然而这些分布图之间的对角线一致性表明这些因素确实在一定程度上影响剂量分布。总体而言，通话时长和通话次数可能不足以作为剂量的替代指标，特别是随着用于语音通话的通信系统往往会随着时间变得更加复杂。
