Targeted Gene Mutations in the Forest Pathogen Using CRISPR/Cas9.

Dothistroma needle blight, caused by , has increased in incidence and severity over the last few decades and is now one of the most important global diseases of pines. Disease resistance breeding could be accelerated by knowledge of pathogen virulence factors and their host targets. However, this is hindered due to inefficient targeted gene disruption in , which is required for virulence gene characterisation. Here we report the first successful application of CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing to a Dothideomycete forest pathogen, Disruption of the dothistromin pathway regulator gene , with a known phenotype, was performed using nonhomologous end-joining repair with an efficiency of > 90%. Transformants with a range of disruption mutations in were produced. Disruption of , a gene encoding a secreted cell death elicitor, was also achieved using CRISPR/Cas9, by using a specific donor DNA repair template to aid selection where the phenotype was unknown. In this case, 100% of screened transformants were identified as disruptants. In establishing CRISPR/Cas9 as a tool for gene editing in , our research could fast track the functional characterisation of candidate virulence factors in and helps set the foundation for development of this technology in other forest pathogens.