Soraci Luca, Lattanzio Fabrizia, Soraci Giulia, Gambuzza Maria Elsa, Pulvirenti Claudio, Cozza Annalisa, Corsonello Andrea, Luciani Filippo, Rezza Giovanni
Unit of Geriatric Medicine, Italian National Research Center on Aging (IRCCS INRCA), 87100 Cosenza, Italy.
Scientific Direction, Italian National Research Center on Aging (IRCCS INRCA), 60121 Ancona, Italy.
Vaccines (Basel). 2022 Apr 13;10(4):608. doi: 10.3390/vaccines10040608.
Currently available vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) are highly effective but not able to keep the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic completely under control. Alternative R&D strategies are required to induce a long-lasting immunological response and to reduce adverse events as well as to favor rapid development and large-scale production. Several technological platforms have been used to develop COVID-19 vaccines, including inactivated viruses, recombinant proteins, DNA- and RNA-based vaccines, virus-vectored vaccines, and virus-like particles. In general, mRNA vaccines, protein-based vaccines, and vectored vaccines have shown a high level of protection against COVID-19. However, the mutation-prone nature of the spike (S) protein affects long-lasting vaccine protection and its effectiveness, and vaccinated people can become infected with new variants, also showing high virus levels. In addition, adverse effects may occur, some of them related to the interaction of the S protein with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2). Thus, there are some concerns that need to be addressed and challenges regarding logistic problems, such as strict storage at low temperatures for some vaccines. In this review, we discuss the limits of vaccines developed against COVID-19 and possible innovative approaches.
目前可用的针对严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2（SARS-CoV-2）的疫苗非常有效，但无法将2019冠状病毒病（COVID-19）大流行完全控制住。需要其他研发策略来诱导持久的免疫反应、减少不良事件，并促进快速开发和大规模生产。几种技术平台已被用于研发COVID-19疫苗，包括灭活病毒、重组蛋白、基于DNA和RNA的疫苗、病毒载体疫苗以及病毒样颗粒。一般来说，mRNA疫苗、基于蛋白质的疫苗和载体疫苗对COVID-19表现出高度的保护作用。然而，刺突（S）蛋白易于突变的特性会影响疫苗的长期保护效果及其有效性，接种疫苗的人可能会感染新的变体，且病毒载量也很高。此外，可能会出现不良反应，其中一些与S蛋白与血管紧张素转换酶2（ACE-2）的相互作用有关。因此，存在一些需要解决的问题以及关于物流问题的挑战，例如一些疫苗需要严格低温储存。在本综述中，我们讨论了针对COVID-19研发的疫苗的局限性以及可能的创新方法。
