The Glorious Sun School of Business and Management, Donghua University, Shanghai 200051, China.
School of International and Public Affairs, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Apr 12;19(8):4653. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19084653.
Carbon emission reduction has been a consensus goal for most countries to achieve environmental sustainability. The use of carbon emission trading policies has been generally considered by the governments. Remanufacturing, as an effective way to reduce carbon emission, is incorporated together with the tool of carbon emission policy to construct a low-carbon supply chain in this paper. We analyze the carbon emission reduction and profit maximization problem among enterprises of original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) and their outsourcing remanufacturers, integrating the impact of the carbon emission constraint policy and the carbon market. Considering consumer preferences on low-carbon products and recycling rates of waste products, we construct a Stackelberg game model (dominated by the OEM) and analyze the impact of a carbon emission constraint policy on sales price, volume, carbon emission, and revenue of new and remanufactured products in the supply chain system. The results suggest that the upper bound set by the government on carbon emission for enterprises positively affects sales volume of new products and negatively affects sales prices of both products. Moreover, the discount rate of carbon emission constraint negatively affects sales volume of new products and positively affects sales prices of both products. Notably, the carbon emission constraint policy has impacts on the production decisions of both manufacturers on an economic scale. When the upper bound of carbon emission is equal to a certain threshold, the OEM could obtain the greatest revenue. The results provide a new perspective for the government to attain the goal of carbon emission reduction and not sacrifice economic growth. Managers in outsourcing remanufacturers and OEMs could also be implicated from our results to collaborate in allocating remanufacturing orders to achieve win-win opportunities between them.
减少碳排放已成为大多数国家实现环境可持续性的共识目标。政府普遍考虑采用碳排放交易政策。再制造作为一种减少碳排放的有效方法，与碳排放政策工具一起被纳入本文，构建低碳供应链。我们分析了原始设备制造商（OEM）及其外包再制造商之间的碳排放减排和利润最大化问题，整合了碳排放约束政策和碳市场的影响。考虑到消费者对低碳产品的偏好和废品回收率，我们构建了一个 Stackelberg 博弈模型（由 OEM 主导），并分析了碳排放约束政策对供应链系统中新产品和再制造产品销售价格、数量、碳排放和收入的影响。结果表明，政府对企业碳排放的上限设定对新产品的销售量产生积极影响，对两种产品的销售价格产生消极影响。此外，碳排放约束的折扣率对新产品的销售量产生负面影响，对两种产品的销售价格产生积极影响。值得注意的是，碳排放约束政策对制造商的经济规模生产决策产生影响。当碳排放的上限等于某个阈值时，OEM 可以获得最大的收入。研究结果为政府实现减排目标而不牺牲经济增长提供了新的视角。外包再制造商和 OEM 的管理者也可以从我们的研究结果中得到启示，合作分配再制造订单，实现双赢机会。
