School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China.
School of Management, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China.
PLoS One. 2023 Aug 10;18(8):e0289349. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289349. eCollection 2023.
Remanufacturing is a sustainable product reutilization strategy to realize responsible consumption and production. However, remanufacturing practice can be subject to deficient consumer perception, production capacity constraint, uncertain demand and government intervention. This paper considers outsourced remanufacturing mode to establish and investigate a remanufacturing supply chain (RSC) network consisting of multiple manufacturers, retailers and remanufacturers. Optimality conditions with RSC network members are derived utilizing variation inequality. Numerical examples based on data accumulated from a remanufacturing enterprise and questionnaire survey on consumer perception for remanufactured products, are presented to put the proposed model into practice. Influences of product heterogeneity (new and remanufactured products), consumer preference, production capacity constraint, product price competitiveness, market demand fluctuation, and government financial measures on RSC network production and pricing strategies are investigated through numerical analyses. Analytical results indicate that pricing for the remanufactured product would be equivalent to that of the new product when consumers value the remanufactured product at a relatively high level, however an excessive penchant for the remanufactured product is less profitable especially from the perspective of the remanufacturer. In general, an upper-middle level of consumer preference for the remanufactured product is the most favourable scenario. When remanufacturing industry is just emerging, a high tax will be imposed on the manufacturer to accumulate remanufacturing subsidy for the government to achieve its balanced budget. As the remanufacturing industry develops and consumer environmental awareness enhances, it is especially essential for the government to establish a levy-subsidy mechanism to maintain sustainable progress of the industry. Combining main conclusions with the background of Chinese remanufacturing industry, managerial implications are provided from respective perspectives of enterprises' remanufacturing operation, government financial regulation, and consumer awareness enhancement. The analyses and results are especially relevant as a reference for remanufacturing decision-makings as well as government financial regulations, thus enhancing production sustainability as well as environmental benefits.
再制造是一种可持续的产品再利用策略，旨在实现负责任的消费和生产。然而，再制造实践可能会受到消费者认知不足、生产能力约束、需求不确定性和政府干预的影响。本文考虑采用外包再制造模式，建立并研究了一个由多个制造商、零售商和再制造商组成的再制造供应链（RSC）网络。利用变分不等式推导出了 RSC 网络成员的最优条件。基于从一家再制造企业积累的数据和对再制造产品消费者认知的问卷调查，给出了数值示例，将提出的模型付诸实践。通过数值分析，研究了产品异质性（新产品和再制造产品）、消费者偏好、生产能力约束、产品价格竞争力、市场需求波动和政府财政措施对 RSC 网络生产和定价策略的影响。分析结果表明，当消费者对再制造产品的评价相对较高时，再制造产品的价格将等同于新产品的价格，但对再制造产品的过度偏好，特别是从再制造商的角度来看，利润较低。一般来说，消费者对再制造产品的偏好处于中上水平是最有利的情况。当再制造行业刚刚兴起时，政府会对制造商征收高额税款，为政府积累再制造补贴，以实现其预算平衡。随着再制造行业的发展和消费者环保意识的增强，政府建立征收-补贴机制对于维持行业的可持续发展尤为重要。结合中国再制造行业的背景，从企业再制造运营、政府财政监管和消费者意识增强的角度，提出了管理启示。分析结果和结论对再制造决策以及政府财政监管具有重要的参考价值，有助于提高生产的可持续性和环境效益。
