Pomeranz Jennifer L, Silver Diana, Lieff Sarah A, Pagán José A
Department of Public Health Policy and Management, School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, New York.
Department of Public Health Policy and Management, School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, New York.
Am J Prev Med. 2022 May;62(5):688-695. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2021.11.018. Epub 2022 Feb 10.
Paid sick leave is associated with lower mortality risks and increased use of health services. Yet, the U.S. lacks a national law, and not all employers offer paid leave, especially to low-wage workers. States have enacted paid sick-leave laws or preemption laws that prohibit local governments from enacting paid sick-leave requirements.
In 2019 and 2021, state paid sick-leave laws and preemption laws in effect in 2009-2020 were retrieved from Lexis+, coded, and analyzed for coverage and other features. Data from the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis were used to estimate the jobs covered by state paid sick-leave laws in 2009-2019.
In 2009, no state had a paid sick-leave law, and 1 state had preemption. By 2020, a total of 12 states had paid sick-leave laws, with a form of preemption (n=9) or no preemption (n=3), and 18 additional states solely preempted local laws without requiring coverage, creating a regulatory vacuum in those states. Although all state paid sick-leave laws covered private employers and required care for children and spouses, some laws exempted small or public employers or did not cover additional family members. The percentage of U.S. jobs covered by state-required paid sick leave grew from 0% in 2009 to 27.6% in 2019.
Variation in state paid sick-leave laws, preemption, and lack of employer provision of paid sick leave to low-wage workers creates substantial inequities nationally. The federal government should enact a national paid sick-leave law.
带薪病假与较低的死亡风险以及医疗服务使用的增加相关。然而，美国缺乏一项全国性法律，而且并非所有雇主都提供带薪休假，尤其是对低薪工人。各州已经颁布了带薪病假法或先发制人法，禁止地方政府颁布带薪病假要求。
在2019年和2021年，从Lexis+检索了2009 - 2020年生效的州带薪病假法和先发制人法，进行编码并分析其覆盖范围和其他特征。使用美国经济分析局的数据来估计2009 - 2019年州带薪病假法覆盖的工作岗位。
2009年，没有一个州有带薪病假法，有1个州实行先发制人。到2020年，共有12个州有带薪病假法，其中有先发制人形式的（n = 9）或无先发制人的（n = 3），另有18个州仅先发制人地禁止地方法律，而不要求覆盖，在这些州造成了监管真空。虽然所有州的带薪病假法都涵盖私营雇主，并要求照顾子女和配偶，但一些法律豁免了小雇主或公共雇主，或者不涵盖其他家庭成员。州规定的带薪病假覆盖的美国工作岗位比例从2009年的0%增长到2019年的27.6%。
州带薪病假法的差异、先发制人以及雇主未向低薪工人提供带薪病假，在全国范围内造成了严重的不平等。联邦政府应颁布一项全国性的带薪病假法。
