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Environ Pollut. 2022 Aug 1;306:119316. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119316. Epub 2022 Apr 22.
Whatever the exposure route, chemical, physical and biological pollutants modify the whole organism response, leading to nerve, cardiac, respiratory, reproductive, and skin system pathologies. Skin acts as a barrier for preventing pollutant modifications. This review aims to present the available scientific models, which help investigate the impact of pollution on the skin. The research question was "Which experimental models illustrate the impact of pollution on the skin in humans?" The review covered a period of 10 years following a PECO statement on in vitro, ex vivo, in vivo and in silico models. Of 582 retrieved articles, 118 articles were eligible. In oral and inhalation routes, dermal exposure had an important impact at both local and systemic levels. Healthy skin models included primary cells, cell lines, co-cultures, reconstructed human epidermis, and skin explants. In silico models estimated skin exposure and permeability. All pollutants affected the skin by altering elasticity, thickness, the structure of epidermal barrier strength, and dermal extracellular integrity. Some specific models concerned wound healing or the skin aging process. Underlying mechanisms were an exacerbated inflammatory skin reaction with the modulation of several cytokines and oxidative stress responses, ending with apoptosis. Pathological skin models revealed the consequences of environmental pollutants on psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and tumour development. Finally, scientific models were used for evaluating the safety and efficacy of potential skin formulations in preventing the skin aging process or skin irritation after repeated contact. The review gives an overview of scientific skin models used to assess the effects of pollutants. Chemical and physical pollutants were mainly represented while biological contaminants were little studied. In future developments, cell hypoxia and microbiota models may be considered as more representative of clinical situations. Models considering humidity and temperature variations may reflect the impact of these changes.
无论暴露途径如何，化学、物理和生物污染物都会改变整个生物体的反应，导致神经、心脏、呼吸、生殖和皮肤系统的病变。皮肤作为防止污染物改变的屏障。本综述旨在介绍现有的科学模型，这些模型有助于研究污染对皮肤的影响。研究问题是“哪些实验模型说明了污染对人类皮肤的影响？” 综述涵盖了在体外、离体、体内和计算模型上发表的 10 年研究期。在检索到的 582 篇文章中，有 118 篇符合条件。在口服和吸入途径中，皮肤暴露在局部和全身水平都有重要影响。健康皮肤模型包括原代细胞、细胞系、共培养物、重建的人表皮和皮肤外植体。计算模型估计皮肤暴露和通透性。所有污染物都通过改变弹性、厚度、表皮屏障强度的结构和真皮细胞外完整性来影响皮肤。一些特定模型涉及伤口愈合或皮肤老化过程。潜在机制是炎症皮肤反应加剧，伴随几种细胞因子和氧化应激反应的调节，最终导致细胞凋亡。病态皮肤模型揭示了环境污染物对银屑病、特应性皮炎和肿瘤发展的后果。最后，科学模型被用于评估潜在皮肤配方在预防皮肤老化过程或反复接触引起的皮肤刺激方面的安全性和功效。本综述概述了用于评估污染物影响的科学皮肤模型。化学和物理污染物主要代表，而生物污染物研究较少。在未来的发展中，细胞缺氧和微生物群模型可能被认为更能代表临床情况。考虑湿度和温度变化的模型可能会反映这些变化的影响。
