Matz Melissa, Allemani Claudia, van Tongeren Martie, Nafilyan Vahé, Rhodes Sarah, van Veldhoven Karin, Pembrey Lucy, Coleman Michel P, Pearce Neil
Cancer Survival Group, Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
Cancer Survival Group, Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
J Epidemiol Community Health. 2022 Jul;76(7):660-666. doi: 10.1136/jech-2022-218786. Epub 2022 Apr 25.
Exposure to SARS-CoV-2, subsequent development of COVID-19 and death from COVID-19 may vary by occupation, and the risks may be higher for those categorised as 'essential workers'.
We estimated excess mortality by occupational group and sex separately for each month in 2020 and for the entire 12 months overall.
Mortality for all adults of working age was similar to the annual average over the previous 5 years. Monthly excess mortality peaked in April, when the number of deaths was 54.2% higher than expected and was lowest in December when deaths were 30.0% lower than expected.Essential workers had consistently higher excess mortality than other groups throughout 2020. There were also large differences in excess mortality between the categories of essential workers, with healthcare workers having the highest excess mortality and social care and education workers having the lowest. Excess mortality also varied widely between men and women, even within the same occupational group. Generally, excess mortality was higher in men.
In summary, excess mortality was consistently higher for essential workers throughout 2020, particularly for healthcare workers. Further research is needed to examine excess mortality by occupational group, while controlling for important confounders such as ethnicity and socioeconomic status. For non-essential workers, the lockdowns, encouragement to work from home and to maintain social distancing are likely to have prevented a number of deaths from COVID-19 and from other causes.
接触严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2（SARS-CoV-2）、随后感染2019冠状病毒病（COVID-19）以及死于COVID-19的情况可能因职业而异，对于那些被归类为“必要工作者”的人来说，风险可能更高。
我们分别估算了2020年每个月以及全年12个月按职业群体和性别划分的超额死亡率。
所有工作年龄成年人的死亡率与前5年的年平均水平相似。月度超额死亡率在4月达到峰值，当时死亡人数比预期高54.2%，在12月最低，当时死亡人数比预期低30.0%。2020年全年，必要工作者的超额死亡率一直高于其他群体。必要工作者类别之间的超额死亡率也存在很大差异，医护人员的超额死亡率最高，社会护理和教育工作者的最低。即使在同一职业群体中，男女之间的超额死亡率也有很大差异。一般来说，男性的超额死亡率更高。
总之，2020年全年必要工作者的超额死亡率一直较高，尤其是医护人员。需要进一步研究按职业群体考察超额死亡率，同时控制种族和社会经济地位等重要混杂因素。对于非必要工作者，封锁措施、鼓励在家工作和保持社交距离可能避免了一些因COVID-19和其他原因导致的死亡。
