Wang Chih Yuan, Clavarino Alexandra, Luetsch Karen
School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia.
School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, 288 Herston Road, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia.
Explor Res Clin Soc Pharm. 2021 Jul 15;3:100048. doi: 10.1016/j.rcsop.2021.100048. eCollection 2021 Sep.
Structured workplace training supports pharmacists in achieving individual career goals as well as health services to meet workforce development goals. Hospital pharmacy residency programs offer structured training pathways for early career pharmacists. A residency program was introduced in Australia, modelled on formal programs already established in other countries.
This qualitative study explored key stakeholders' expectations and early experiences with the implementation of a pharmacy residency program using an analytical framework derived from implementation science.
Three focus groups and seven semi-structured interviews were conducted over a 24-months period with pharmacy managers, senior pharmacists and resident and non-resident pharmacists from different Australian State and hospital settings. They were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. Transcripts were analysed via thematic analysis using Diffusion of Innovation Theory as a categorising framework.
Thirty stakeholders participated in focus groups and interviews. Three of the five main factors that influenced the adoption of an innovation according to Diffusion of Innovation Theory were identified as prominent, two as weaker themes. The relative or perceived advantage of adopting or participating in a residency program was identified as a major theme. Pharmacy managers and resident pharmacists regarded individual and workforce advancement as creating a potential advantage for them. The complexity of the program's implementation, with concerns about its resourcing requirements and sustainability, influenced uptake. The compatibility of the program with already existing training pathways was explored, with the residency sharing similar objectives with current pharmacy education and workforce development goals. Observability and trialability played lesser roles in facilitating program uptake.
The implementation and diffusion of the pharmacy residency program can be interpreted by referring to key principles of Diffusion of Innovation Theory. Findings from this study and consideration of theory can inform the diffusion and ongoing maintenance of pharmacy workplace training and education programs.
结构化的职场培训有助于药剂师实现个人职业目标，并为满足劳动力发展目标的卫生服务提供支持。医院药房住院医师培训项目为早期职业药剂师提供了结构化的培训途径。澳大利亚引入了一项住院医师培训项目，该项目以其他国家已建立的正规项目为蓝本。
本定性研究采用源自实施科学的分析框架，探讨了关键利益相关者对药房住院医师培训项目实施的期望和早期经验。
在24个月的时间里，对来自澳大利亚不同州和医院环境的药房经理、资深药剂师以及住院和非住院药剂师进行了3次焦点小组讨论和7次半结构化访谈。对讨论和访谈进行了录音，并逐字转录。使用创新扩散理论作为分类框架，通过主题分析对转录文本进行分析。
30名利益相关者参与了焦点小组讨论和访谈。根据创新扩散理论，影响创新采用的五个主要因素中有三个被确定为突出因素，两个为较弱主题。采用或参与住院医师培训项目的相对优势或感知优势被确定为一个主要主题。药房经理和住院药剂师认为个人和劳动力的进步为他们创造了潜在优势。项目实施的复杂性，以及对其资源需求和可持续性的担忧，影响了项目的采用。探讨了该项目与现有培训途径的兼容性，住院医师培训项目与当前药房教育和劳动力发展目标具有相似的目标。可观察性和可试验性在促进项目采用方面所起的作用较小。
药房住院医师培训项目的实施和推广可以通过参考创新扩散理论的关键原则来解释。本研究的结果以及对理论的思考可为药房职场培训和教育项目的推广及持续维护提供参考。
