Singhal Rajneesh, Pal Ranjana, Dutta Siddhartha
Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824-1312, USA.
Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, 700073, India.
Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2023 Apr;195(4):2463-2482. doi: 10.1007/s12010-022-03930-8. Epub 2022 Apr 28.
Chloroplasts are specialized organelle that are responsible for converting light energy to chemical energy, thereby driving the carbon dioxide fixation. Apart from photosynthesis, chloroplast is the site for essential cellular processes that determine the plant adaptation to changing environment. Owing to the presence of their own expression system, it provides an optimum platform for engineering valued traits as well as site for synthesis of bio-compounds. Advancements in technology have further enhanced the scope of using chloroplast as a multifaceted tool for the biotechnologist to develop stress-tolerant plants and ameliorate environmental stress. Focusing on chloroplast biotechnology, this review discusses the advances in chloroplast engineering and its application in enhancing plant adaptation and resistance to environmental stress and the development of new bioproducts and processes. This is accomplished through analysis of its biogenesis and physiological processes, highlighting the chloroplast engineering and recent developments in chloroplast biotechnology. In the first part of the review, the evolution and principles of structural organization and physiology of chloroplast are discussed. In the second part, the chief methods and mechanisms involved in chloroplast transformation are analyzed. The last part represents an updated analysis of the application of chloroplast engineering in crop improvement and bioproduction of industrial and health compounds.
叶绿体是一种特殊的细胞器，负责将光能转化为化学能，从而推动二氧化碳的固定。除了光合作用外，叶绿体还是决定植物适应环境变化的重要细胞过程的发生场所。由于其自身存在表达系统，它为改造有价值的性状提供了一个理想平台，也是生物化合物合成的场所。技术的进步进一步扩大了将叶绿体用作多面工具的范围，使生物技术专家能够培育出耐胁迫植物并缓解环境胁迫。围绕叶绿体生物技术，本综述讨论了叶绿体工程的进展及其在增强植物对环境胁迫的适应性和抗性以及开发新生物产品和工艺方面的应用。这是通过分析其生物发生和生理过程来实现的，重点介绍了叶绿体工程和叶绿体生物技术的最新进展。在综述的第一部分，讨论了叶绿体的进化、结构组织和生理学原理。第二部分分析了叶绿体转化所涉及的主要方法和机制。最后一部分对叶绿体工程在作物改良以及工业和健康化合物生物生产中的应用进行了最新分析。
