J Int Bioethique Ethique Sci. 2021 Nov 19;Vol. 32(3):145-164. doi: 10.3917/jibes.323.0145.
According to Michel Foucault, French philosophy can be divided into two categories, one, the philosophy of consciousness, the other that of the concept. This dichotomy is linked to the terminology of Jean Cavaillès in his work entitled "On the logic and the theory of science". (Cavaillès J, PUF, 1947). In France, as this, there is a long tradition of epistemology whose project is to retrace the history of science by continuing the development of concepts that animate it and by analyzing their evolution. This tradition has long been interested in philosophy of medicine and biology. Its most important representative in this domain is Georges Canguilhem whose influence has spread widely. In this article, we will focus on one of the most representative of Canguilhem: «The normal and the pathological». (Canguilhem G, PUF, 1966). The reading of Canguilhem that we will propose here, focusing on some key concepts of his book, highlights in this author three fundamental points: the impossibility of objectivable pathology, the central role of individuality and the preeminence of normativism. We are aware of limits of this reading, which cannot fundamentally explore all of Canguilhem's thought or the tradition of French vitalism. On the other hand, it should help us in our effort, in terms of building an epistemology of vertebrotherapy, by carefully analyzing Canguilhem's work and the notebooks of a great Japanese vertebrotherapist in Shōwa's time, Fujimori Sr.
根据米歇尔·福柯的观点，法国哲学可分为两类，一类是意识哲学，另一类是概念哲学。这种二分法与让·卡瓦耶斯在其题为《论逻辑与科学理论》的著作中的术语相关。（卡瓦耶斯 J，法国大学出版社，1947 年）。在法国，存在着悠久的认识论传统，其计划是通过延续推动科学发展的概念的发展并分析其演变来追溯科学史。这一传统长期以来一直关注医学和生物学哲学。其在该领域最重要的代表人物是乔治·康吉莱姆，其影响力广泛传播。在本文中，我们将聚焦于康吉莱姆最具代表性的著作之一：《正常与病态》。（康吉莱姆 G，法国大学出版社，1966 年）。我们在此提出的对康吉莱姆著作的解读，聚焦于他书中的一些关键概念，凸显了这位作者的三个基本要点：客观病理学的不可能性、个体性的核心作用以及规范主义的首要地位。我们意识到这种解读的局限性，它无法从根本上探究康吉莱姆的所有思想或法国活力论传统。另一方面，通过仔细分析康吉莱姆的著作以及昭和时期一位伟大的日本脊椎治疗师藤森先生的笔记，它应该有助于我们构建脊椎治疗学认识论的努力。
