Department of Economics and Finance, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani, Rajasthan, 333031, India.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2022 Sep;29(43):65723-65738. doi: 10.1007/s11356-022-20434-4. Epub 2022 Apr 30.
This paper examines the role of trade openness and innovation in reducing CO emissions in middle-income countries with the goal of improving environmental quality. The generalised method of moments (GMM) method is used to estimate the long-run association between variables and Dumitrescu-Hurlin causality test is used to examine causality for a panel of 23 middle-income countries from 1994 to 2018. The findings refute the existence of an inverted u-shape relationship between innovation and CO emissions. On the trade front, environmental deterioration is found to be relatively more severe in low middle-income countries than upper middle-income countries. Contrarily, the existence of the environment Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis for both country groups is also supported by the data; however, the fall in the EKC curve is insignificant for low middle-income countries. Implying that the quest to control carbon emissions has just begun in low middle-income countries and they must target a higher level of green innovation to reduce the ever-rising CO emissions. It is also suggested to promote economic growth through knowledge spillovers and to establish a pollution level standard for trading and manufacturing sectors which generate the most contaminated waste.
本文考察了贸易开放度和创新在减少中等收入国家二氧化碳排放方面的作用，以改善环境质量。采用广义矩估计法（GMM）估计变量之间的长期关联，并采用 Dumitrescu-Hurlin 因果检验检验面板数据 1994 年至 2018 年 23 个中等收入国家之间的因果关系。研究结果否定了创新与二氧化碳排放之间存在倒 U 型关系的假设。在贸易方面，研究发现，低中等收入国家的环境恶化程度相对高于上中等收入国家。相反，数据也支持这两个国家组存在环境库兹涅茨曲线（EKC）假说；然而，低中等收入国家 EKC 曲线的下降并不显著。这意味着在低中等收入国家，控制碳排放的努力才刚刚开始，它们必须瞄准更高水平的绿色创新，以减少不断上升的二氧化碳排放。报告还建议通过知识溢出促进经济增长，并为产生最多污染废物的贸易和制造业部门建立污染水平标准。
