Instituto Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal.
Instituto Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal.
Adv Microb Physiol. 2022;80:85-155. doi: 10.1016/bs.ampbs.2022.02.001. Epub 2022 Apr 9.
Bacterial pathogens have sophisticated systems that allow them to survive in hosts in which innate immunity is the frontline of defense. One of the substances produced by infected hosts is nitric oxide (NO) that together with its derived species leads to the so-called nitrosative stress, which has antimicrobial properties. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on targets and protective systems that bacteria have to survive host-generated nitrosative stress. We focus on bacterial pathogens that pose serious health concerns due to the growing increase in resistance to currently available antimicrobials. We describe the role of nitrosative stress as a weapon for pathogen eradication, the detoxification enzymes, protein/DNA repair systems and metabolic strategies that contribute to limiting NO damage and ultimately allow survival of the pathogen in the host. Additionally, this systematization highlights the lack of available data for some of the most important human pathogens, a gap that urgently needs to be addressed.
细菌病原体拥有复杂的系统，使它们能够在先天免疫作为第一道防线的宿主中存活。感染宿主产生的一种物质是一氧化氮 (NO)，它与其衍生的物质一起导致所谓的硝化应激，具有抗菌特性。在这篇综述中，我们总结了细菌为了在宿主产生的硝化应激中存活而具有的靶标和保护系统的最新知识。我们重点介绍了由于对抗生素的耐药性不断增加而对人类健康构成严重威胁的细菌病原体。我们描述了硝化应激作为消除病原体的武器的作用，解毒酶、蛋白质/DNA 修复系统和代谢策略有助于限制 NO 损伤，最终使病原体在宿主中存活。此外，这种系统化强调了一些最重要的人类病原体的可用数据缺乏，这是一个迫切需要解决的差距。
