An investigation into the effects of infection and ORF expression patterns of the Indian bidensovirus isolate (BDV) infecting the silkworm .

The Indian isolate of bidensovirus (BDV) is a bipartite virus that comprises of a segmented, non-homologous, two linear single-strands of DNA molecules (VD1 and VD2). It is one of the causative agents of the fatal silkworm disease 'Flacherie' that causes severe crop loss for the sericulture farmers. Genome analyses of the Indian isolate of BDV revealed that it consists of 6 putative ORFs similar to the Japanese and Chinese isolates. VD1 consists of 4 ORFs while VD2 has 2 ORFs that code for 4 non- structural (NS) and 2 structural (VP) proteins, in total. In this study, we investigated, in detail, the impact of BDV pathogenesis on growth and development of the silkworm , at different developmental stages. Mortality rate and weight uptake analyses were also performed on newly ecdysed 4th instar larvae. BDV infection was not found to be developmental stage specific and it occurred at all stages. Onset of mortality took place 8 days post infection (dpi) and 100% mortality occurred at 11 dpi. The infected larvae showed a significant difference in weight uptake wherein from 7 dpi the larvae stopped gaining weight and from 8th dpi started demonstrating the typical symptoms of flacherie. Further, the expression pattern of the 6 viral ORFs were also investigated in the newly ecdysed 4th instar BDV infected silkworms. Among all the six ORFs, VD2 ORF 1 and 2 revealed the highest transcript numbers, which was followed by VD1 ORF 4 that encodes for the viral DNA polymerase enzyme. This was the first ever attempt to understand the pathogenesis and the expression pattern of all the six ORF transcripts of the Indian isolate of BDV.