Hayashi Meagan, Mahmoud Sherif Hanafy, Hamdy Dalia A
Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
AbEx Health Services LTD, Fort, Saskatchewan, AB, Canada.
Pharmgenomics Pers Med. 2022 Apr 23;15:409-427. doi: 10.2147/PGPM.S348851. eCollection 2022.
Pharmacogenomics (PGx) is the study of how genetic variations for functional proteins, such as metabolizing enzymes and drug receptors, impact drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. In theory, pharmacists are well suited to utilize PGx in tailoring medications to patient genetics when providing medication therapy management services. However, PGx education needs to reach pharmacists prior to implementation. The aim of this study is to develop and evaluate a PGx course for pharmacists.
A PGx education program was created and offered synchronously (virtual) and asynchronously (self-study) to pharmacists in Alberta, Canada. Lectures were delivered by experts live (virtual) with a question-and-answer period for synchronous sessions. These sessions were recorded for asynchronous delivery. Six case studies were discussed in large and small groups ("breakout rooms") in synchronous sessions, and provided for self-study in the asynchronous subgroup. Topics included genetic and PGx concepts; therapeutic applications; ethical, legal, and social considerations; and practical implementation. Pre- and post-course surveys measured self-rated knowledge using a 5-point Likert Scale and tested objective knowledge with a graded quiz.
Thirty-six pharmacists completed the course and both surveys. Participants reported backgrounds in community (88.9%) and hospital (38.9%) practice. Prior education in PGx was reported by 44.4% from degree programs and 27.8% from continuing education. Overall responses to statements about confidence in PGx moved from a median of "Disagree" at baseline to "Agree" after receiving PGx education (2-point difference [1,2] on 5-point Likert Scale; p < 0.001), indicating an increase in self-assessed competency in PGx. Likewise, mean participant grades on the knowledge quiz improved (20.8±21.9% pre-course vs 70.2±19.1% post-course, p < 0.001). There was no difference in these results between synchronous and asynchronous groups.
A didactic and case-based PGx education program was effective at increasing pharmacist knowledge and confidence in PGx in both synchronous and asynchronous environments. Knowledge gained can be utilized in delivery of patient-centered, personalized medication therapy management in the pharmacy setting.
药物基因组学（PGx）研究功能性蛋白质的基因变异（如代谢酶和药物受体）如何影响药物的药代动力学和药效学。理论上，药剂师在提供药物治疗管理服务时，非常适合利用药物基因组学根据患者基因定制药物。然而，在实施之前，药物基因组学教育需要普及到药剂师。本研究的目的是为药剂师开发并评估一门药物基因组学课程。
创建了一个药物基因组学教育项目，并以同步（虚拟）和异步（自学）的方式提供给加拿大艾伯塔省的药剂师。讲座由专家现场（虚拟）授课，并在同步课程中有问答环节。这些课程被录制下来用于异步授课。在同步课程中，通过大小组（“分组讨论室”）讨论了六个案例研究，并在异步子组中提供自学。主题包括基因和药物基因组学概念；治疗应用；伦理、法律和社会考量；以及实际应用。课程前后的调查使用5分李克特量表测量自我评估的知识，并通过分级测验测试客观知识。
三十六名药剂师完成了课程并参与了两项调查。参与者报告了社区（88.9%）和医院（38.9%）的工作背景。44.4%的参与者通过学位课程接受过药物基因组学前教育，27.8%通过继续教育接受过相关教育。总体而言，对关于药物基因组学信心陈述的回答从基线时的“不同意”中位数转变为接受药物基因组学教育后的“同意”（在5分李克特量表上相差2分[1,2]；p<0.001），表明药物基因组学自我评估能力有所提高。同样，参与者在知识测验中的平均成绩有所提高（课程前为20.8±21.9%，课程后为70.2±19.1%，p<0.001）。同步组和异步组的这些结果没有差异。
一个基于讲授和案例的药物基因组学教育项目在同步和异步环境中均能有效提高药剂师对药物基因组学的知识和信心。所获得的知识可用于在药房环境中提供以患者为中心的个性化药物治疗管理。
