Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt.
Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt.
Neurotoxicology. 2022 Jul;91:31-43. doi: 10.1016/j.neuro.2022.04.013. Epub 2022 May 2.
Carbendazim (CBZ) contamination of food and water is a principal factor in many negative impacts on public health. Nanoencapsulation of agrochemicals by nontoxic polymers as chitosan nanoparticles (CS-NPs) is one of the most applications of nanotechnology in agriculture. Despite its many advantages, such as it provides controlled release property, more stability and solubility of the active ingredient, it is not authorized to be used in the market because there are no adequate studies on the nano pesticides induced toxicity on experimental animals. So, we aim to study the possible impacts of CBZ-loading CS-NPs on the whole brain of rats and to explain its mechanism of action. 20 male Wistar rats were partitioned into 4 groups as follows: Group (1), normal saline; group (2), 5 mg/kg CS-NPs; group (3), 300 mg/kg CBZ; group (4) 300 mg/kg CS/CBZ-NCs. After 28 days, some neurobehavioral parameters were assessed to all rats then euthanization was done to collect the brain. Our results revealed that CBZ prompted neurotoxicity manifested by severe neurobehavioral changes and a significant increase of MDA with a decrease of GSH and CAT in brain tissue. In addition, there were severe neuropathological alterations confirmed by immunohistochemistry which showed strong bax, GFAP, and TNF-ὰ protein expression in some brain areas. CBZ also induced apoptosis manifested by up-regulation of JNK and P53 with down-regulation of Bcl-2 in brain tissue. Otherwise, encapsulation of CBZ with CS-NPs could reduce CBZ-induced neurotoxicity and improve all studied toxicological parameters. We recommend using CBZ-loading CS-NPs as an alternative approach for fungicide application in agricultural and veterinary practices but further studies are needed to ensure its safety on other organs.
多菌灵（CBZ）污染食物和水是对公众健康造成许多负面影响的主要因素。壳聚糖纳米粒子（CS-NPs）等无毒聚合物对农用化学品进行纳米封装是纳米技术在农业中应用最广泛的领域之一。尽管它具有许多优点，例如提供了控释性能、提高了活性成分的稳定性和溶解度，但由于对实验动物纳米农药诱导毒性的研究还不够充分，因此尚未获得授权在市场上使用。因此，我们旨在研究 CBZ 负载 CS-NPs 对大鼠全脑可能产生的影响，并解释其作用机制。将 20 只雄性 Wistar 大鼠分为 4 组：第 1 组，生理盐水；第 2 组，5mg/kg CS-NPs；第 3 组，300mg/kg CBZ；第 4 组，300mg/kg CS/CBZ-NCs。28 天后，对所有大鼠进行一些神经行为学参数评估，然后进行安乐死以收集大脑。我们的结果表明，CBZ 引起神经毒性，表现为严重的神经行为改变，脑组织 MDA 显著增加，GSH 和 CAT 减少。此外，免疫组织化学证实存在严重的神经病理学改变，显示某些脑区 bax、GFAP 和 TNF-α 蛋白表达强烈。CBZ 还诱导了凋亡，表现为 JNK 和 P53 上调，Bcl-2 下调。另外，用 CS-NPs 包封 CBZ 可以降低 CBZ 引起的神经毒性，并改善所有研究的毒理学参数。我们建议将 CBZ 负载 CS-NPs 作为农业和兽医实践中杀菌剂应用的替代方法，但需要进一步研究以确保其在其他器官上的安全性。
