A novel polyurethane elastomer (PUE) that exhibited high tensile strength, large elongation at break, great color strength and supreme color fastness was successfully designed and synthesized. The PUEs were prepared with isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) as hard segments, polycarbonate diol (PCDL)/polytetrahydrofuran glycol (PTHF) as mixed soft segments, and anthraquinone chromogen as the chain extender agent. The relationships between the mechanical properties/color performance and chromogen addition content were investigated. The chromogen actual access rate of the obtained BPUEs was evaluated by UV-Vis. The clear tortuous surface and entanglements were exhibited in PUEs micromorphology structure, indicating a significant reinforcement of mechanical properties. Elongation-at-break and tensile strength reached the maximum value 2394% at 1% (BPUE) and 18.29 MPa at 5% (BPUE), respectively, and then decreased as chromogen addition content increased. Mechanical testing results correlate well with XRD and SEM findings, which proved that anthraquinone chromogen induced an improvement in phase separation. Furthermore, BPUE films displayed high color strength and excellent color fastnesses. The rubbing fastness and washing fastness of BPUE and BPUE reached grade 5, respectively. These inspiring findings suggest that PUE films with superb performance have potential to be directly applied in the textile field.