Temperature-dependent changes in the molecular orientation and visible color of phthalocyanine films.

A simple phthalocyanine zinc complex exhibits a visible color change in response to weak external stimuli, , changes in solvent and temperature. Its chromism was attributed to its controlled aggregation weak interactions between the central metal and peripheral oxygen atoms. In solution, intense absorption and fluorescence bands appeared in both the longer-wavelength and NIR region in non-coordinating solvents, while a simple sharp Q band was observed in coordinating solvents. Variable-temperature absorption spectra and fluorescence lifetime measurements were used to characterize the aggregation-induced absorption and emission in non-coordinating solvents. A selective aggregation-disaggregation process was also observed in thin films of this phthalocyanine zinc complex, and the optical properties of the film depend on the annealing temperature. The changes in the NIR region lead to a sizable visible color change that is recognizable by the naked human eye. The temperature-dependent control of the aggregation process in the thin film was confirmed using operando spectroscopy techniques.