Sulfur signaling and starvation response in Arabidopsis.

As sessile organisms, plants have developed sophisticated mechanism to sense and utilize nutrients from the environment, and modulate their growth and development according to the nutrient availability. Research in the past two decades revealed that nutrient assimilation is not occurring spontaneously, but nutrient signaling networks are complexly regulated and integrate sensing and signaling, gene expression, and metabolism to ensure homeostasis and coordination with plant energy conversion and other processes. Here, we review the importance of the macronutrient sulfur (S) and compare the knowledge of S signaling with other important macronutrients, such as nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). We focus on key advances in understanding sulfur sensing and signaling, uptake and assimilation, and we provide new analysis of published literature, to identify core genes regulated by the key transcriptional factor in S starvation response, SLIM1/EIL3, and compare the impact on other nutrient deficiency and stresses on S-related genes.