School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, El Paso Regional Campus, 1101 N Campbell St, El Paso, TX 79902, United States.
School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, El Paso Regional Campus, 1101 N Campbell St, El Paso, TX 79902, United States.
Water Res. 2022 Jun 30;218:118496. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118496. Epub 2022 Apr 22.
Adenoviruses are known to be one of the most resistant viruses to UV disinfection. This study determined the inactivation kinetics of adenovirus freshly isolated from sewage samples, and compared the results with reference adenovirus stocks grown in the laboratory. Human adenoviruses were isolated from sewage samples using the HEK 293 cell line. Inactivation kinetics for UV irradiation was determined for monochromatic low pressure (LP) mercury UV lamp (254 nm) and polychromatic medium pressure (MP) mercury UV lamp for each sewage isolate. Eleven (11) isolates were obtained from nine (9) different sewage samples with most isolates belonging to the enteric adenovirus group, specifically adenovirus 41. The average dose required for 4 log inactivation using LP UV lamps for sewage isolates (220 mJ/cm) was not significantly different (p > 0.1) from the average dose reported for lab-grown enteric adenovirus (179.6 mJ/cm). Interestingly, the average dose required for 4 log inactivation using MP UV lamps was significantly higher (p = 0.004) for sewage isolates (124 mJ/cm) when compared to the average dose reported for laboratory stocks of adenovirus 40 and 41 (71 mJ/cm). Viral capsid analysis using the propidium monoazide (PMA)-qPCR method showed that adenovirus isolates from group F were less affected by exposure to MP UV Lamps than adenoviruses from group D and C. Adenovirus isolates obtained from sewage samples showed greater resistance to UV irradiation compared to laboratory grown strains, although required doses for MP UV were still considerably lower than LP UV. These data suggest that the required fluence for inactivation of adenoviruses in real-world waters may be higher than previously understood.
腺病毒是已知对紫外线消毒最具抵抗力的病毒之一。本研究确定了从污水样本中分离的腺病毒的失活动力学，并将结果与实验室中生长的参考腺病毒株进行了比较。使用 HEK 293 细胞系从污水样本中分离出人腺病毒。为每种污水分离株测定了单色低压 (LP) 汞紫外线灯 (254nm) 和多色中压 (MP) 汞紫外线灯的紫外线照射失活动力学。从九个不同污水样本中获得了十一个 (11) 个分离株，其中大多数分离株属于肠道腺病毒组，特别是腺病毒 41。使用 LP 紫外线灯对污水分离株进行 4 对数失活所需的平均剂量（220mJ/cm）与实验室生长的肠道腺病毒（179.6mJ/cm）的平均剂量无显著差异（p>0.1）。有趣的是，与实验室库存的腺病毒 40 和 41 的平均剂量（71mJ/cm）相比，使用 MP 紫外线灯对污水分离株进行 4 对数失活所需的平均剂量（124mJ/cm）显著更高（p=0.004）。使用吖啶橙单叠氮化物 (PMA)-qPCR 方法对病毒衣壳进行分析表明，与来自 F 组的腺病毒相比，来自 D 组和 C 组的腺病毒在暴露于 MP 紫外线灯下时受影响较小。与实验室生长的菌株相比，从污水样本中分离的腺病毒对紫外线照射表现出更强的抵抗力，尽管 MP UV 的所需剂量仍明显低于 LP UV。这些数据表明，在实际水体中灭活腺病毒所需的剂量可能高于之前的理解。
