Schulz Alison, Loloi Justin, Pina Martina Luis, Sankin Alexander
Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
Department of Urology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 11061, USA.
Onco Targets Ther. 2022 May 2;15:497-507. doi: 10.2147/OTT.S283891. eCollection 2022.
Bladder cancer is a common urinary tract cancer with a difficult clinical course. With frequent recurrence, patients with a history of bladder cancer often undergo surveillance that involves invasive cystoscopies and biopsies. Not only is this financially burdensome for patients but it is also mentally and physically intensive. Given this predicament, the field has shifted towards the use of non-invasive urinary tests to detect bladder cancer earlier in the disease course and to avoid unnecessary procedures. The first non-invasive test developed was urine cytology; however, that was found to have a low sensitivity, especially for low-grade lesions. There are many tests that are available that utilize common protein biomarkers to enhance the sensitivity of detection. However, many of these tests lack the specificity seen with cytology. With recent technological and research advancements, there are newer detection systems such as RNA sequencing and microfluidics along with novel bladder cancer biomarkers including mRNAs, methylation patterns and exosomes, which have potential to be used in clinical practice. The aim of this review is to highlight established non-invasive bladder cancer diagnostic tests as well as innovative methodologies that are on the horizon for use in bladder cancer detection.
膀胱癌是一种常见的泌尿系统癌症，临床病程复杂。由于膀胱癌经常复发，有膀胱癌病史的患者通常需要接受监测，这涉及侵入性膀胱镜检查和活检。这不仅给患者带来经济负担，还对其精神和身体造成很大压力。鉴于这种困境，该领域已转向使用非侵入性尿液检测，以便在疾病进程中更早地检测出膀胱癌，并避免不必要的程序。最早开发的非侵入性检测方法是尿细胞学检查；然而，发现其敏感性较低，尤其是对低级别病变。现在有许多利用常见蛋白质生物标志物的检测方法，以提高检测的敏感性。然而，其中许多检测方法缺乏细胞学检查所具有的特异性。随着近期技术和研究的进步，出现了更新的检测系统，如RNA测序和微流控技术，以及新的膀胱癌生物标志物，包括mRNA、甲基化模式和外泌体，它们有可能应用于临床实践。本综述的目的是强调已确立的非侵入性膀胱癌诊断检测方法以及即将用于膀胱癌检测的创新方法。
