Department of Psychology, Universidad de La Sabana, Chia, Colombia.
Department of Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK.
J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2023 Jan;64(1):197-205. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.13629. Epub 2022 May 9.
Exposure to community violence is common worldwide and is associated with emotional and behavioural problems in children. Little is known about sources of resilience. Building on our previous work on the contribution of callous-unemotional (CU) traits to child aggression in Colombia, we examined whether positive parenting is protective for children whose families are exposed to community violence.
Families were recruited from three demographically contrasting regions of Colombia. The sample comprised 235 children aged 3.5 years and their mothers, of whom 220 (93%) were followed up at age 5.0 years. Positive parenting was assessed as the average of maternal warmth and reciprocity, and as praise, and negative parenting as the average of negative affect and conflict seen in video recordings of standardized procedures. CU traits and oppositional defiant disorder were assessed by maternal report at ages 3.5 and 5.0 years, and mothers reported exposure to community violence over the 18 months between assessments. A range of potential confounds was included in adjusted analyses.
In the families who were exposed to community violence, but not in the unexposed, maternal warmth and reciprocity were associated prospectively with lower CU traits (interaction, p = .007). In the exposed group maternal warmth and reciprocity explained 10% of the variance (β = -.34, p = .001). Maternal praise was not associated with CU traits. Maternal negative parenting predicted higher CU traits as the main effect but not in interaction with community violence exposure.
Maternal warmth and reciprocity with young children may promote resilience in the face of community violence. Programmes to enhance these protective processes may be needed especially where prospects for reducing community violence are limited. The centrality of parents for these children highlights the plight of those exposed to community violence, and also either separated from parents or orphaned.
暴露于社区暴力在全球范围内很常见，并且与儿童的情绪和行为问题有关。关于适应力的来源知之甚少。基于我们之前在哥伦比亚关于无情特质（CU）对儿童攻击行为的贡献的研究，我们研究了积极的育儿方式是否对家庭暴露于社区暴力的儿童具有保护作用。
从哥伦比亚三个具有不同人口统计学特征的地区招募了家庭。样本包括 235 名 3.5 岁的儿童及其母亲，其中 220 名（93%）在 5.0 岁时进行了随访。积极的育儿方式被评估为母亲温暖和互惠的平均值，以及表扬的平均值，而消极的育儿方式则被评估为标准化程序视频记录中看到的母亲的消极情绪和冲突的平均值。CU 特质和对立违抗性障碍由母亲在 3.5 岁和 5.0 岁时报告，母亲在评估之间的 18 个月内报告了社区暴力的暴露情况。在调整后的分析中纳入了一系列潜在的混杂因素。
在暴露于社区暴力的家庭中，但在未暴露于社区暴力的家庭中，母亲的温暖和互惠与 CU 特质的降低呈正相关（交互作用，p=0.007）。在暴露组中，母亲的温暖和互惠解释了 10%的方差（β=-.34，p=0.001）。母亲的表扬与 CU 特质无关。母亲的消极育儿方式预测 CU 特质较高，但与社区暴力暴露无关。
母亲与幼儿的温暖和互惠可能会在面对社区暴力时促进适应力。可能需要增强这些保护过程的计划，特别是在减少社区暴力的前景有限的情况下。父母对这些儿童的重要性突显了那些暴露于社区暴力的儿童的困境，他们要么与父母分离，要么成为孤儿。
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