Diabetic Retinopathy: Role of Neurodegeneration and Therapeutic Perspectives.

Retinal neurodegeneration plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy, the leading cause of preventable blindness. The hallmarks of diabetes-induced neurodegeneration are neural cell apoptosis and glial activation, which seem even before vascular lesions can be detected by ophthalmoscopic examination. The molecular mediators of retinal neurodegeneration include proinflamma- tory cytokines, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and the molecular pathways closely related to chronic hyperglycemia. In this article, an overview of the main components of neurodegeneration, its key underlying mechanisms, and the more useful experimental models for investigative purposes will be given. In addition, the results of most relevant treatments based on neuroprotection, and the research gaps that should be filled will be critically reviewed.