Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Farmacologia Traslazionale (IFT), Palermo, Italy; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Ricerca e l'Innovazione Biomedica (IRIB), Palermo, Italy.
Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Ricerca e l'Innovazione Biomedica (IRIB), Palermo, Italy.
Adv Protein Chem Struct Biol. 2022;130:325-350. doi: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2022.01.002. Epub 2022 Feb 16.
Nanotechnology research covers a wide field of studies pointing to design and shape complex matter in a scale between 1 and 100nm, with unique size-depending properties and applications. The value and potential of engineered nanoparticles in human diagnostics and therapies essentially relay on their safety and biocompatibility. Entering a cell, in fact, these particles take complex interactions with the surrounding biological environment, dramatically changing their own identity. The formation of a custom-made protein corona is the first signal of their interplay with the cell defensive mechanisms, and a major issue in their application in medicine. Preliminary in-depth studies in model organisms have been developed to assess immunological safety and competence in facing the host immune system and its defensive response. New affordable animal models are emerging in pilot nano-response and safety studies. Sea urchins, benthic marine Echinoderms, have a wide and very efficient immune system working with innate defense mechanisms and are widely used in immune studies. Nano-safety studies have been showing that the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus displays an excellent sensing system and high defensive capability, joined to the availability of easily accessible immune cells. As in mammals, nanoparticle recognition and interaction activate specific signaling pathways, metabolic rewiring and homeostasis maintenance. In this chapter, we point to the value of planning new research and developing nano-immune studies using an easy nonmammalian next-generation model, able to unravel new specific response mechanisms to nanoparticles.
纳米技术研究涵盖了广泛的研究领域，旨在设计和塑造 1 至 100nm 之间的复杂物质，具有独特的尺寸依赖性特性和应用。工程纳米粒子在人类诊断和治疗中的价值和潜力主要依赖于它们的安全性和生物相容性。实际上，这些粒子进入细胞后，会与周围的生物环境发生复杂的相互作用，从而极大地改变自身的特性。形成定制的蛋白质冠是它们与细胞防御机制相互作用的第一个信号，也是它们在医学应用中的一个主要问题。在模式生物中进行了初步的深入研究，以评估其在面对宿主免疫系统及其防御反应时的免疫安全性和能力。在纳米反应和安全性研究的试点中，出现了新的、负担得起的动物模型。海胆是底栖海洋棘皮动物，具有广泛而高效的免疫系统，采用先天防御机制，广泛应用于免疫研究。纳米安全性研究表明，扁海胆（Paracentrotus lividus）具有出色的感应系统和强大的防御能力，并且易于获得免疫细胞。与哺乳动物一样，纳米颗粒的识别和相互作用会激活特定的信号通路、代谢重编程和体内平衡维持。在本章中，我们指出了使用易于操作的非哺乳动物下一代模型进行新的研究和开发纳米免疫研究的价值，这有助于揭示针对纳米颗粒的新的特定反应机制。
