Institute for Advanced Study in Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
Nat Hum Behav. 2022 Jul;6(7):930-940. doi: 10.1038/s41562-022-01341-7. Epub 2022 May 9.
Researchers argue that third parties help sustain human cooperation, yet how they contribute remains unclear, especially in small-scale, politically decentralized societies. Studying justice among Mentawai horticulturalists in Indonesia, we examined evidence for punishment and mediation by third parties. Across a sample of 444 transgressions, we find no evidence of direct third-party punishment. Most victims and aggrieved parties demanded payment, and if a transgressor faced punishment, this was never imposed by third parties. We find little evidence of indirect sanctions by third parties. Nearly 20% of transgressions were followed by no payment, and as predicted by dyadic models of sanctions, payments were less likely when transgressions were among related individuals. Approximately 75% of non-governmental mediators called were third parties, especially shamans and elders, and mediators were called more as cooperation was threatened. Our findings suggest that, among the Mentawai, institutionalized penalties function more to restore dyadic cooperation than to enforce norms.
研究人员认为第三方有助于维持人类合作，但他们的贡献仍不清楚，尤其是在规模较小、政治上分散的社会中。我们在印度尼西亚的门塔威园艺师中研究了正义问题，考察了第三方的惩罚和调解证据。在 444 起违规行为的样本中，我们没有发现第三方直接进行惩罚的证据。大多数受害者和受害方都要求赔偿，如果违规者面临惩罚，也从未由第三方实施。我们发现第三方间接制裁的证据很少。近 20%的违规行为没有得到赔偿，这与制裁的对偶模型预测一致，当违规行为发生在相关个体之间时，赔偿的可能性更小。大约 75%的被要求的非政府调解人是第三方，特别是萨满和长老，而且当合作受到威胁时，调解人会被更多地调用。我们的研究结果表明，在门塔威人中，制度化的惩罚更有助于恢复对偶合作，而不是执行规范。
